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Biology 1 > Chapter 13: Meiosis and the Sexual Cycle > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Meiosis and the Sexual Cycle Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

The study of heredity and hereditary variation

A

genetics

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2
Q

coded information

A

genes

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3
Q

segments of DNA

A

genes

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4
Q

similar to our
written language and passes specific information
from parent to child

A

sequence of nucleotides

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5
Q

how many genes are in chromosome?

A

100’s – 1000’s

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6
Q

The specific location of a gene on a
chromosome is known as its

A

locus

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7
Q

are the cells which transmit genes from one generation to the next

A

The gametes (sperm and ova)

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8
Q

characteristic of Asexual Reproduction

A
  • Only 1 parent produces offspring
  • Offspring are genetically identical to the
    parent
  • Cloning via Mitosis
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9
Q

what type of cells use Asexual Reproduction

A
  • Single-celled eukaryotes
  • Multicellular organisms = budding
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10
Q

when an egg cell develops as an embryo without the need for any genetic material from a sperm cell

A

parthenogenesis

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11
Q

characteristic of Sexual Reproduction

A
  • Meiosis
  • fertilization
  • Increases genetic diversity
  • Creates unique individuals
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12
Q

what type of cells use Sexual Reproduction

A

most eukaryotic organisms.

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13
Q

Chromosomes that look alike , they
have the same length and shape

A

Homologous chromosomes

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14
Q

the shared genes that homologous chromosomes have that control the same inherited traits

A

alleles

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15
Q

the sex chromosomes

A

X and Y

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16
Q

determine the sex of an individual

A

the sex chromosomes

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17
Q

what chromosomes do females have?

A

homologous X sex chromosomes

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18
Q

what chromosomes do males have?

A

1 X and 1 Y chromosome
pair up

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19
Q

non homologous chromosomes

A

autosomes

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20
Q

how many autosomes and sex chromosomes not including sex chromosomes do gametes have?

A

22 = autosomes
1 = sex chromosome

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21
Q

how many chromosomes are in haploids?

A

23(only one set)

22
Q

cells with only one set of chromosomes

A

haploid

23
Q

cells with two sets of chromosomes

A

diploid

24
Q

what is the fused gametes called?

A

zygote

25
Q

The process in which the nucleus of a cell completes 2 successive divisions that
produce 4 nuclei, each with a chromosome number that has been reduced by half.

A

meiosis

26
Q

the formation of gametes

A

meiosis

27
Q

fusing of the nuclei of 2 gametes

A

fertilization

28
Q

two divisions of meiosis

A

– Meiosis I
– Meiosis II

29
Q

at stages are in Meiosis I and Meiosis II

A

PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE

30
Q

what happens in meiosis I

A

homologous pairs separate

31
Q

what happens in meiosis II

A

The 2 sister chromatids of each
chromosome are separated from each other

32
Q

what happens in prophase I

A

– chromosomes condense
– nuclear envelope breaks down
– homologous chromosomes pair up = Synapsis
and form a tetrad

33
Q

what happens in Metaphase I

A
  • Pairs of homologous chromosomes are
    moved to the equator of the cell.
  • The homologues, each made of 2 chromatids s
    stay together.
34
Q

what happens in Anaphase I

A
  • Homologues separate
  • The chromosomes of each pair are “pulled” to opposite ends of the cell.
  • BUT (unlike in mitosis) chromatids DO NOT
    separate at their centromeres. Each chromosome
    is still composed of 2 chromatids joined by the
    centromere
  • Non-disjunction could occur
35
Q

An accident in chromosome separation
when one daughter cell receives both pairs
of chromosomes and the other daughter cell
receives none.

A

Non-disjunction

36
Q

what happens in Telophase I

A
  • Individual chromosomes gather at each pole of
    the cell (2). In most cases, cytoplasm then
    divides (cytokinesis) forming 2 new cells.

-reductive division.

37
Q

Each of the cells produced
contain half the number of
chromosomes as the original cell. this is known as what?

A

reductive division.

38
Q

what happens in Prophase II

A
  • Each chromosome becomes attached to the
    microtubules and starts moving toward its equator
39
Q

what happens at Metaphase II

A

All chromosomes are now positioned at the equator

40
Q

what happens in Anaphase II

A

Centromeres divide and the chromatids
NOW called chromosomes move to
opposite poles of the cell

41
Q

what happens in Telophase II

A
  • Four daughter nuclei form. When the cytoplasm divides each new cell is haploid (n). The original chromosome number has been reduced by half.
  • One or all of these cells may become
    gametes.
42
Q

3 sources of genetic variation

A
  1. Independent Assortment
  2. Crossing-Over
  3. Random Fertilization
43
Q

when is independent assortment done?

A

Metaphase I

44
Q

the homologous pairs of chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate
-orientation random

A

Independent Assortment

45
Q

when is crossing over (homologous chromosomes) happening

A

Meiosis (Prophase I)

46
Q

segments of the chromosomes can exchange
segments of DNA.

-recombinant chromosomes

A

crossing over (homologous chromosomes)

47
Q

genes inherited from both parents combined onto one chromosome

A

recombinant chromosomes

48
Q

Area where crossover occurs is known as the

A

chiasmata

49
Q

how many possible chromosome combinations are possible for a human ovum and sperm?

A

8.4 million

50
Q

how many diploid combinations for the resulting zygote is possible

A

70 trillion

Biology 1 (18 decks)

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