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Biology 1 > Chapter 17: Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

what is the function of the gene?

A

to dictate the production of a specific enzyme

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2
Q

proteins are constructed from what?

A

various polypeptides

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3
Q

Are made of individual molecular
units called amino acids

A

proteins

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4
Q

how many proteins are found in nature?

A

twenty

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5
Q

These link together to form very
complex and functional
molecules

A

proteins

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6
Q

DNA directs the making of proteins,
which in turn make everything else which is called what?

A

protein synthesis!

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7
Q

what are the steps of protein synthesis!

A

Dna to Rna to Protein

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8
Q

what rna does protein synthesis require?

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

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9
Q

what does mRNA mean?

A

messenger RNA

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10
Q

what does tRNA mean?

A

transfer RNA

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11
Q

What ribosomes are made of

A

rRNA

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12
Q

Delivers amino acids one by
one to a ribosome

A

tRNA

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13
Q

what makes up proteins?

A

amino acids

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14
Q

what makes proteins

A

ribosomes

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15
Q

the only one that carries the
protein building instructions!

A

mRNA

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16
Q

Differences between DNA and RNA

A

look at notes

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17
Q

what sugar is in RNA

A

ribose

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18
Q

what sugar is in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

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19
Q

Takes a DNA strand, and
transcribes it into a single strand of
RNA

A

transcription

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20
Q

puts together the
growing chain of nucleotides

A

RNA polymerase

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21
Q

is the start signal.

A

promoter region on the DNA

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22
Q

Base pairing for transcription

A

A = U and G = C

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23
Q

what is the first step of protein synthesis

A

Transcription

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24
Q

when does transcription begin?

A

when RNA polymerase
binds with promoter

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25
Q

a sequence of DNA that allows
RNA polymerase to bind to DNA and
begin transcription

A

promoter

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26
Q

a sequence of DNA that tells
the RNA polymerase to stop transcribing
DNA,

A

terminator

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27
Q

Transcription produces a what that need to be modified in several ways

A

Pre-mRNA

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28
Q

The 5′ end receives a what?

A

modified nucleotide 5’ cap

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29
Q

The 3′ end receives a what?

A

poly-A tail

30
Q

what are introns

A

intervening sequences

31
Q

noncoding base sequences that must be removed before a pre-mRNA molecule can be translated

A

introns

32
Q

the coding sequences that remain on the mRNA when it gets translated into proteins

A

exons

33
Q

removes introns and joins exons, creating an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence

A

RNA splicing

34
Q

RNA splicing is carried out by what?

A

Spliceosomes

35
Q

consist of a variety of proteins and several small RNAs that recognize the splice sites

A

Spliceosomes

36
Q

what happens to introns

A

they get snipped out

37
Q

what happens to exons

A

they get translated

38
Q

what happens when mRNA is ready

A

it leaves the nucleus and moves into the cytoplasm.

39
Q

what happens to mRNA transcripts

A

it gets translated into proteins

40
Q

what translates mRNA to protein

A

ribosomes

41
Q

what must mRNA sequences translate into before they can translate into proteins

A

amino acids

42
Q

mRNA sequences are translated into amino acids which then make proteins.

A

Translation

43
Q

Certain nitrogen bases in groups of three on the mRNA, code for particular amino acids are called what?

A

codons

44
Q

a trio of bases code for what?

A

stop
start
or any of the amino acids

45
Q

how many amino acids are there

A

20

46
Q

which trio of bases are stop signaling?

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

47
Q

which trio of bases are start signaling

A

varying but usually AUG

48
Q

what do start codons usually code for

A

methionine

49
Q

The third nucleotide in the codon can be different. This allows for more flexibility in translation.

A

wobble effect

50
Q

translates the mRNA code into proteins

A

tRNA
Ribosomes

51
Q

Carries amino acids at top end

A

tRNA

52
Q

the end of the tRNA is a sequence of bases what from the codons

A

opposite

53
Q

opposite of the codon sequence

A

anticodon

54
Q

what two attachments make up a ribosome?

A

A- attachment or amino acid site
and
P- protein or polypeptide site

55
Q

what are the three steps of translation

A

initiation
elongation
termination

56
Q

Polypeptide chain forms as mRNA passes between ribosome subunits

A

elongation

57
Q

Stop codon and detachment of mRNA and polypeptide chain

A

termination

58
Q

tRNA and mRNA are loaded onto a ribosome

A

initiation

59
Q

where does initation occur?

A

cytoplasm

60
Q

what happens to mRNA in initation

A

leaves the nucleus

61
Q

what forms a peptide bonds?

A

addition of amino acids

62
Q

what happens in termination

A

the stop codon moves in
and
polypeptide chain is released

63
Q

where does polypeptide synthesis begin

A

in cytosol

64
Q

Polypeptides destined for the ER or for secretion are marked by a what?

A

signal peptide

65
Q

binds to the signal peptide

A

signal-recognition particle (SRP)

66
Q

escorts the ribosome to a receptor protein built into the ER membrane

A

signal-recognition particle (SRP)

67
Q

Multiple ribosomes can translate a single mRNA simultaneously, forming a what

A

polyribosome (or polysome)

68
Q

enable a cell to make many copies of a polypeptide very quickly

A

polyribosome (or polysome)

69
Q

what are the components needed for PCR

A

DNA sample
Primers
Nucleotides
Taq polymerase
Mix Buffer
PCR tube

70
Q

what are the steps of PCR Process

A

Denaturing
Annealing
Extension

71
Q

DNA moves where?

A

towards the positive electrode

Biology 1 (18 decks)

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