Chapter 17: Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein Flashcards
what is the function of the gene?
to dictate the production of a specific enzyme
proteins are constructed from what?
various polypeptides
Are made of individual molecular
units called amino acids
proteins
how many proteins are found in nature?
twenty
These link together to form very
complex and functional
molecules
proteins
DNA directs the making of proteins,
which in turn make everything else which is called what?
protein synthesis!
what are the steps of protein synthesis!
Dna to Rna to Protein
what rna does protein synthesis require?
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
what does mRNA mean?
messenger RNA
what does tRNA mean?
transfer RNA
What ribosomes are made of
rRNA
Delivers amino acids one by
one to a ribosome
tRNA
what makes up proteins?
amino acids
what makes proteins
ribosomes
the only one that carries the
protein building instructions!
mRNA
Differences between DNA and RNA
look at notes
what sugar is in RNA
ribose
what sugar is in DNA
Deoxyribose
Takes a DNA strand, and
transcribes it into a single strand of
RNA
transcription
puts together the
growing chain of nucleotides
RNA polymerase
is the start signal.
promoter region on the DNA
Base pairing for transcription
A = U and G = C
what is the first step of protein synthesis
Transcription
when does transcription begin?
when RNA polymerase
binds with promoter
a sequence of DNA that allows
RNA polymerase to bind to DNA and
begin transcription
promoter
a sequence of DNA that tells
the RNA polymerase to stop transcribing
DNA,
terminator
Transcription produces a what that need to be modified in several ways
Pre-mRNA
The 5′ end receives a what?
modified nucleotide 5’ cap
The 3′ end receives a what?
poly-A tail
what are introns
intervening sequences
noncoding base sequences that must be removed before a pre-mRNA molecule can be translated
introns
the coding sequences that remain on the mRNA when it gets translated into proteins
exons
removes introns and joins exons, creating an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence
RNA splicing
RNA splicing is carried out by what?
Spliceosomes
consist of a variety of proteins and several small RNAs that recognize the splice sites
Spliceosomes
what happens to introns
they get snipped out
what happens to exons
they get translated
what happens when mRNA is ready
it leaves the nucleus and moves into the cytoplasm.
what happens to mRNA transcripts
it gets translated into proteins
what translates mRNA to protein
ribosomes
what must mRNA sequences translate into before they can translate into proteins
amino acids
mRNA sequences are translated into amino acids which then make proteins.
Translation
Certain nitrogen bases in groups of three on the mRNA, code for particular amino acids are called what?
codons
a trio of bases code for what?
stop
start
or any of the amino acids
how many amino acids are there
20
which trio of bases are stop signaling?
UAA
UAG
UGA
which trio of bases are start signaling
varying but usually AUG
what do start codons usually code for
methionine
The third nucleotide in the codon can be different. This allows for more flexibility in translation.
wobble effect
translates the mRNA code into proteins
tRNA
Ribosomes
Carries amino acids at top end
tRNA
the end of the tRNA is a sequence of bases what from the codons
opposite
opposite of the codon sequence
anticodon
what two attachments make up a ribosome?
A- attachment or amino acid site
and
P- protein or polypeptide site
what are the three steps of translation
initiation
elongation
termination
Polypeptide chain forms as mRNA passes between ribosome subunits
elongation
Stop codon and detachment of mRNA and polypeptide chain
termination
tRNA and mRNA are loaded onto a ribosome
initiation
where does initation occur?
cytoplasm
what happens to mRNA in initation
leaves the nucleus
what forms a peptide bonds?
addition of amino acids
what happens in termination
the stop codon moves in
and
polypeptide chain is released
where does polypeptide synthesis begin
in cytosol
Polypeptides destined for the ER or for secretion are marked by a what?
signal peptide
binds to the signal peptide
signal-recognition particle (SRP)
escorts the ribosome to a receptor protein built into the ER membrane
signal-recognition particle (SRP)
Multiple ribosomes can translate a single mRNA simultaneously, forming a what
polyribosome (or polysome)
enable a cell to make many copies of a polypeptide very quickly
polyribosome (or polysome)
what are the components needed for PCR
DNA sample
Primers
Nucleotides
Taq polymerase
Mix Buffer
PCR tube
what are the steps of PCR Process
Denaturing
Annealing
Extension
DNA moves where?
towards the positive electrode