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Biology 1 > Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All living things are made up of four classes of large
biological molecules

A

carbohydrates,
lipids,
proteins,
and nucleic acids

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2
Q

are large molecules and are complex

A

Macromolecules

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3
Q

is a long molecule consisting of many
similar building blocks

A

polymer

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4
Q

The repeating units that serve as building blocks are
called

A

monomer

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5
Q

occurs when two
monomers bond together through the loss of a
water molecule

A

dehydration reaction

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6
Q

a reaction that is essentially the reverse
of the dehydration reaction

A

hydrolysis

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7
Q

what disassembles polymers

A

hydrolysis

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8
Q

are specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions such as those
that make or break down polymers

A

Enzymes

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9
Q

include sugars and the polymers of
sugars

A

Carbohydrates

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10
Q

The simplest carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides,
or simple sugars

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11
Q

Carbohydrate macromolecules are what

A

polysaccharides

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12
Q

polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

A

polysaccharides

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13
Q

have molecular formulas
that are usually multiples of CH2O

A

Monosaccharides

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14
Q

is the most common
monosaccharide

A

Glucose (C6H12O6)

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15
Q

how are Monosaccharides classified

A

location of the carbonyl group

number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

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16
Q

is formed when a dehydration
reaction joins two monosaccharides

A

disaccharide

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17
Q

the covalent bond that binds disaccharide

A

glycosidic linkage

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18
Q

the polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles

A

Polysaccharides

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19
Q

a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists
of glucose monomers

A

Starch

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20
Q

The simplest form of starch is

A

amylose

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21
Q

is a storage polysaccharide in animals

A

Glycogen

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22
Q

is stored mainly in liver and muscle cells

A

Glycogen

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23
Q

is a major component
of the tough wall of plant cells

A

cellulose

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24
Q

The cellulose in human food passes through the
digestive tract as what?

A

“insoluble fiber”

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25
Q

another structural polysaccharide, is found in
the exoskeleton of arthropods

A

chitin

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26
Q

are the one class of large biological
molecules that does not include true polymers

A

lipids

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27
Q

are constructed from two types of smaller
molecules: glycerol and fatty acids

A

Fats

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28
Q

is a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl
group attached to each carbon

A

glycerol

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29
Q

consists of a carboxyl group attached to
a long carbon skeleton

A

fatty acid

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30
Q

have the maximum number of
hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

A

Saturated fatty acids

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31
Q

have one or more double
bonds

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

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32
Q

solid at room temperature

A

saturated fatty acids

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33
Q

liquid at room temperature

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

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34
Q

is the process of converting
unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding
hydrogen

A

Hydrogenation

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35
Q

what combines fatty acids to glycerol

A

ester linkage

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36
Q

what is fatty acids combined to glycerol

A

triglyceride

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37
Q

may contribute more than
saturated fats to cardiovascular disease

A

trans fat

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38
Q

what is the major function of fat

A

energy storage

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39
Q

two fatty acids and a phosphate
group are attached to glycerol

A

phospholipid

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40
Q

double layered sheets

A

bilayers

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41
Q

are lipids characterized by a carbon
skeleton consisting of four fused rings

A

steroids

42
Q

a type of steroid, is a component in
animal cell membranes and a precursor from which
other steroids are synthesized

A

cholesterol

43
Q

Proteins account for more than what
of most cells

A

50% of the dry mass

44
Q

are polymers built with amino
acids

A

Polypeptides

45
Q

is a biologically functional molecule that
consists of one or more polypeptides

A

protein

46
Q

are organic
molecules with amino and
carboxyl groups

A

amino acids

47
Q

Amino acids differ in their
properties due to differing
side chains, called what

A

R groups

48
Q

is a biologically functional molecule that
consists of one or more polypeptides

A

protein

49
Q

Amino acids are linked by covalent bonds called

A

peptide bonds

50
Q

enzymes that act to speed up chem reactions

A

catalyst

51
Q

selective acceleration of chem reactions

A

enzymatic proteins

52
Q

protect against disease

A

defensive proteins

53
Q

stores amino acids

A

storage protein

54
Q

transport substances

A

transport proteins

55
Q

catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules

A

digestive enzymes

56
Q

help destroy viruses and bacteria

A

antibodies

57
Q

the protein milk/ major source of amino acids for baby mammals

A

casein

58
Q

the iron containing protein of vertebrate blood. Transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body

A

hemoglobin

59
Q

coordination of AN ORGANISM’S activities

A

hormonal proteins

60
Q

a hormone secreted by pancreas causes other tissues to take up glucose regulating blood sugar concentration

A

insulin

61
Q

function is to respond of the cell to chemical stimuli

A

receptor proteins

62
Q

controls movement

A

contractile and motor proteins

63
Q

responsible for the undulations of cilia and flagella

A

motor proteins

64
Q

responsible for the concentration of muscles

A

actin and myosin proteins

65
Q

supports

A

structural proteins

66
Q

the protein of the hair, horns. feather, and other skin appendages

A

keratin

67
Q

provides a fibrous framework in animal connective tissues

A

collagen and elastin

68
Q

The specific activities of proteins result from their
what

A

intricate three-dimensional architecture

69
Q

the protein of egg white used as amino acid source

A

ovalbumin

70
Q

The primary
structure of a
protein is its what

A

unique
sequence of
amino acids

71
Q

A slight change in primary structure can affect what

A

the protein’s structure
ability to function

72
Q

an inherited blood disorder,
results from a single amino acid substitution in the
protein hemoglobin

A

Sickle-cell disease

73
Q

cause the red blood cells to aggregate into chains and to deform into a sickle shape

A

abnormal hemoglobin molecules

74
Q

secondary structure of protein are made up of

A

alpha helix
beta pleated sheets

75
Q

is
determined by
interactions among
various side chains
(R groups)

A

Tertiary structure

76
Q

results
when a protein consists of
multiple polypeptide chains

A

Quaternary structure

77
Q

This loss of a protein’s native structure is called

A

denaturation

78
Q

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is
programmed by a unit of inheritance called a

A

gene

79
Q

what nucleic acid makes up DNA

A

nucleotides

80
Q

a nucleic acid made of
monomers called nucleotides

A

DNA

81
Q

genes consist of what

A

DNA

82
Q

provides directions for its own replication

A

DNA

83
Q

directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA)
and, through mRNA, controls protein synthesis

A

DNA

84
Q

DNA directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA)
and, through mRNA, controls protein synthesis
This process is called what

A

gene expression

85
Q

Nucleic acids are polymers called what

A

polynucleotides

86
Q

Each polynucleotide is made of monomers called

A

nucleotides

87
Q

The portion of a nucleotide without the phosphate
group is called a

A

nucleoside

88
Q

Nucleotides are linked together by a what to build a polynucleotide

A

phosphodiester
linkage

89
Q

consists of a phosphate
group that links the sugars of two nucleotides

A

phosphodiester
linkage

90
Q

nitrogenous base + sugar

A

Nucleoside

91
Q

have a single six-membered ring

A

Pyrimidines

92
Q

have a six-membered
ring fused to a five-membered ring

A

purines

93
Q

the sugar in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

94
Q

The sugar in RNA

A

Ribose

95
Q

nucleoside + phosphate group

A

nucleotide

96
Q

bases in DNA

A

(A) adenine always with
(T) THYMINE
(G) Guanine always with
(C) Cytosine

97
Q

when Only certain bases in DNA pair up and form
hydrogen bonds

A

complementary base pairing

98
Q

what feature of DNA structure makes it possible
to generate two identical copies of each DNA
molecule in a cell preparing to divide

A

complementary base pairing

99
Q

is single-stranded

A

RNA

100
Q

bases in RNA

A

(A) adenine always with
(U) uracil
(G) Guanine always with
(C) Cytosine

Biology 1 (18 decks)

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