Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Flashcards
All living things are made up of four classes of large
biological molecules
carbohydrates,
lipids,
proteins,
and nucleic acids
are large molecules and are complex
Macromolecules
is a long molecule consisting of many
similar building blocks
polymer
The repeating units that serve as building blocks are
called
monomer
occurs when two
monomers bond together through the loss of a
water molecule
dehydration reaction
a reaction that is essentially the reverse
of the dehydration reaction
hydrolysis
what disassembles polymers
hydrolysis
are specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions such as those
that make or break down polymers
Enzymes
include sugars and the polymers of
sugars
Carbohydrates
The simplest carbohydrates
monosaccharides,
or simple sugars
Carbohydrate macromolecules are what
polysaccharides
polymers composed of many sugar building blocks
polysaccharides
have molecular formulas
that are usually multiples of CH2O
Monosaccharides
is the most common
monosaccharide
Glucose (C6H12O6)
how are Monosaccharides classified
location of the carbonyl group
number of carbons in the carbon skeleton
is formed when a dehydration
reaction joins two monosaccharides
disaccharide
the covalent bond that binds disaccharide
glycosidic linkage
the polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles
Polysaccharides
a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists
of glucose monomers
Starch
The simplest form of starch is
amylose
is a storage polysaccharide in animals
Glycogen
is stored mainly in liver and muscle cells
Glycogen
is a major component
of the tough wall of plant cells
cellulose
The cellulose in human food passes through the
digestive tract as what?
“insoluble fiber”
another structural polysaccharide, is found in
the exoskeleton of arthropods
chitin
are the one class of large biological
molecules that does not include true polymers
lipids
are constructed from two types of smaller
molecules: glycerol and fatty acids
Fats
is a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl
group attached to each carbon
glycerol
consists of a carboxyl group attached to
a long carbon skeleton
fatty acid
have the maximum number of
hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
Saturated fatty acids
have one or more double
bonds
Unsaturated fatty acids
solid at room temperature
saturated fatty acids
liquid at room temperature
Unsaturated fatty acids
is the process of converting
unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding
hydrogen
Hydrogenation
what combines fatty acids to glycerol
ester linkage
what is fatty acids combined to glycerol
triglyceride
may contribute more than
saturated fats to cardiovascular disease
trans fat
what is the major function of fat
energy storage
two fatty acids and a phosphate
group are attached to glycerol
phospholipid
double layered sheets
bilayers
are lipids characterized by a carbon
skeleton consisting of four fused rings
steroids
a type of steroid, is a component in
animal cell membranes and a precursor from which
other steroids are synthesized
cholesterol
Proteins account for more than what
of most cells
50% of the dry mass
are polymers built with amino
acids
Polypeptides
is a biologically functional molecule that
consists of one or more polypeptides
protein
are organic
molecules with amino and
carboxyl groups
amino acids
Amino acids differ in their
properties due to differing
side chains, called what
R groups
is a biologically functional molecule that
consists of one or more polypeptides
protein
Amino acids are linked by covalent bonds called
peptide bonds
enzymes that act to speed up chem reactions
catalyst
selective acceleration of chem reactions
enzymatic proteins
protect against disease
defensive proteins
stores amino acids
storage protein
transport substances
transport proteins
catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules
digestive enzymes
help destroy viruses and bacteria
antibodies
the protein milk/ major source of amino acids for baby mammals
casein
the iron containing protein of vertebrate blood. Transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body
hemoglobin
coordination of AN ORGANISM’S activities
hormonal proteins
a hormone secreted by pancreas causes other tissues to take up glucose regulating blood sugar concentration
insulin
function is to respond of the cell to chemical stimuli
receptor proteins
controls movement
contractile and motor proteins
responsible for the undulations of cilia and flagella
motor proteins
responsible for the concentration of muscles
actin and myosin proteins
supports
structural proteins
the protein of the hair, horns. feather, and other skin appendages
keratin
provides a fibrous framework in animal connective tissues
collagen and elastin
The specific activities of proteins result from their
what
intricate three-dimensional architecture
the protein of egg white used as amino acid source
ovalbumin
The primary
structure of a
protein is its what
unique
sequence of
amino acids
A slight change in primary structure can affect what
the protein’s structure
ability to function
an inherited blood disorder,
results from a single amino acid substitution in the
protein hemoglobin
Sickle-cell disease
cause the red blood cells to aggregate into chains and to deform into a sickle shape
abnormal hemoglobin molecules
secondary structure of protein are made up of
alpha helix
beta pleated sheets
is
determined by
interactions among
various side chains
(R groups)
Tertiary structure
results
when a protein consists of
multiple polypeptide chains
Quaternary structure
This loss of a protein’s native structure is called
denaturation
The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is
programmed by a unit of inheritance called a
gene
what nucleic acid makes up DNA
nucleotides
a nucleic acid made of
monomers called nucleotides
DNA
genes consist of what
DNA
provides directions for its own replication
DNA
directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA)
and, through mRNA, controls protein synthesis
DNA
DNA directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA)
and, through mRNA, controls protein synthesis
This process is called what
gene expression
Nucleic acids are polymers called what
polynucleotides
Each polynucleotide is made of monomers called
nucleotides
The portion of a nucleotide without the phosphate
group is called a
nucleoside
Nucleotides are linked together by a what to build a polynucleotide
phosphodiester
linkage
consists of a phosphate
group that links the sugars of two nucleotides
phosphodiester
linkage
nitrogenous base + sugar
Nucleoside
have a single six-membered ring
Pyrimidines
have a six-membered
ring fused to a five-membered ring
purines
the sugar in DNA
Deoxyribose
The sugar in RNA
Ribose
nucleoside + phosphate group
nucleotide
bases in DNA
(A) adenine always with
(T) THYMINE
(G) Guanine always with
(C) Cytosine
when Only certain bases in DNA pair up and form
hydrogen bonds
complementary base pairing
what feature of DNA structure makes it possible
to generate two identical copies of each DNA
molecule in a cell preparing to divide
complementary base pairing
is single-stranded
RNA
bases in RNA
(A) adenine always with
(U) uracil
(G) Guanine always with
(C) Cytosine
