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Biology 1 > Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression Flashcards

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1
Q

mean above or in addition to genetics to explain differentiation

A

epigenetics

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2
Q

can only form from muscle cells

A

myoblasts

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3
Q

can only form from skin cells

A

keratinocytes

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4
Q

can only form from blood cells

A

hemotopoetic

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5
Q

non-sequence dependent inheritance.

A

epigenetics

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6
Q

paternal or maternal traits be expressed in offspring

A

genetic imprinting

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7
Q

Some changes in gene expression that are what?

A

heritable

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8
Q

the expression of different genes by cells with the same genome

A

differential gene expression

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9
Q

can lead to diseases including cancer

A

abnormalities in gene expression

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10
Q

when does gene expression happen?

A

during transcription

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11
Q

A cell that has the ability to continuously divide and differentiate (develop) into various other kind(s) of cells/tissues

A

stem cell

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12
Q

blank cells are called?

A

unspecialized

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13
Q

capable of diving and renewing themselves for long periods of time

A

stem cells

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14
Q

to give rise to specialized cell types

A

differentiation

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15
Q

at type of cell is this:
each cell can develop into a new imdividual?

A

totipotent

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16
Q

example of a totipotent cell

A

cells from early (1-3 days) embryos

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17
Q

cells that can form any cell types

A

pluripotent

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18
Q

how many cell types are there

A

over 200

19
Q

what is an example of pluripotent cell

A

some cells of blastocyst (5 to 14 days)

20
Q

cells that have differentiated but can form a number of other tissues

A

multipotent

21
Q

what is an example of multipotent cell?

A

fetal tissue
cord blood
adult stem cells

22
Q

five to six day old embryos

A

embryonic stem cells

23
Q

derived from the part of a human embryo or fetus that will ultimately produce eggs or sperm (gametes).

A

embryonic germ cells

24
Q

undifferentiated cells found among specialized or differentiated cells in a tissue or organ after birth

A

adult stem cells

25
Q

develop

A

differentiate

26
Q

appear to have a more restricted ability to produce different cell types and to self-renew.

A

adult stem cells

27
Q

are unspecialised cells that have the ability to reproduce and differentiate into a diverse range of specialised cells

A

Stem cells

28
Q

are adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state.

A

induced pluripotent stem cells

29
Q

in what ? the acetyl groups are attached to an amino acid in a histone tail

A

histone acetylation

30
Q

what appears to open up the chromatin structure, thereby promoting the initiation of transcription

A

histone acetylation

31
Q

The addition of methyl groups

A

methylation

32
Q

what can condense chromatin and reduce transcription

A

methylation

33
Q

is associated with reduced transcription in some species

A

DNA methylation

34
Q

can cause long-term inactivation of genes in cellular differentiation

A

DNA methylation

35
Q

regulates expression of either the maternal or paternal alleles of certain genes at the start of development

A

methylation

36
Q

what represses gene activity

A

methyl marks on dna bases

37
Q

what is the epigenetic code

A

DNA methylation
and
Histone Modification

38
Q

A cluster of functionally related genes can be coordinately controlled by a single “on-off switch” called what?

A

operator

39
Q

where is the operator usually positioned

A

in the promoter

40
Q

is the entire stretch of DNA that includes the operator, the promoter, and the genes that they control

A

operon

41
Q

The operon can be switched off by what?

A

repressor

42
Q

prevents gene transcription by binding to the operator and blocking RNA polymerase

A

the repressor

43
Q

what is the repressor the product of?

A

regulatory gene

44
Q

is a molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off

A

corepressor

Biology 1 (18 decks)

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