Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression Flashcards
mean above or in addition to genetics to explain differentiation
epigenetics
can only form from muscle cells
myoblasts
can only form from skin cells
keratinocytes
can only form from blood cells
hemotopoetic
non-sequence dependent inheritance.
epigenetics
paternal or maternal traits be expressed in offspring
genetic imprinting
Some changes in gene expression that are what?
heritable
the expression of different genes by cells with the same genome
differential gene expression
can lead to diseases including cancer
abnormalities in gene expression
when does gene expression happen?
during transcription
A cell that has the ability to continuously divide and differentiate (develop) into various other kind(s) of cells/tissues
stem cell
blank cells are called?
unspecialized
capable of diving and renewing themselves for long periods of time
stem cells
to give rise to specialized cell types
differentiation
at type of cell is this:
each cell can develop into a new imdividual?
totipotent
example of a totipotent cell
cells from early (1-3 days) embryos
cells that can form any cell types
pluripotent
how many cell types are there
over 200
what is an example of pluripotent cell
some cells of blastocyst (5 to 14 days)
cells that have differentiated but can form a number of other tissues
multipotent
what is an example of multipotent cell?
fetal tissue
cord blood
adult stem cells
five to six day old embryos
embryonic stem cells
derived from the part of a human embryo or fetus that will ultimately produce eggs or sperm (gametes).
embryonic germ cells
undifferentiated cells found among specialized or differentiated cells in a tissue or organ after birth
adult stem cells
develop
differentiate
appear to have a more restricted ability to produce different cell types and to self-renew.
adult stem cells
are unspecialised cells that have the ability to reproduce and differentiate into a diverse range of specialised cells
Stem cells
are adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state.
induced pluripotent stem cells
in what ? the acetyl groups are attached to an amino acid in a histone tail
histone acetylation
what appears to open up the chromatin structure, thereby promoting the initiation of transcription
histone acetylation
The addition of methyl groups
methylation
what can condense chromatin and reduce transcription
methylation
is associated with reduced transcription in some species
DNA methylation
can cause long-term inactivation of genes in cellular differentiation
DNA methylation
regulates expression of either the maternal or paternal alleles of certain genes at the start of development
methylation
what represses gene activity
methyl marks on dna bases
what is the epigenetic code
DNA methylation
and
Histone Modification
A cluster of functionally related genes can be coordinately controlled by a single “on-off switch” called what?
operator
where is the operator usually positioned
in the promoter
is the entire stretch of DNA that includes the operator, the promoter, and the genes that they control
operon
The operon can be switched off by what?
repressor
prevents gene transcription by binding to the operator and blocking RNA polymerase
the repressor
what is the repressor the product of?
regulatory gene
is a molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off
corepressor
