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Biology 1 > Chapter 12: Mitosis > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Mitosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cells make copies of themselves via what processes

A

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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2
Q

what the cell copies are called

A

daughter cells

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3
Q

cell divison functions

A

reproduction
growth and development
tissue renewal

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4
Q

How long can a red blood cell live before it is replaced

A

4 months

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5
Q

How long can a white blood cell live before it is replaced

A

1 year

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6
Q

How long can a skin cell live before it is replaced

A

2-3 weeks

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7
Q

How long can a colon cell live before it is replaced

A

4 days

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8
Q

How long can a nerve cell in the brain live before it is replaced

A

our entire life and even longer

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9
Q

“body cells”

A

somatic

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10
Q

have the total
number of chromosomes of the adult
organism

A

somatic

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11
Q

“Sex cells”

A

germ

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12
Q

reproductive cells, have
half the total number of chromosomes of the
adult organism.

A

germ

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13
Q

long, thin DNA fiber and proteins (only found when cell is not replicating DNA

A

chromatin

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14
Q

condensed form of a DNA molecule with its attached proteins (observed under microscope during replication)

A

chromosome

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15
Q

Place where chromatids attach

A

centromere

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16
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

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17
Q

how many chromosomes do fruit flies have?

A

8

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18
Q

how do eukaryotic cells reproduce or copy?

A

mitosis

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19
Q

how do prokaryotic cells reproduce or copy?

A

binary fission

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20
Q

steps of binary fission

A

on notes

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21
Q

Longest part of the cycle; cell
increases mass, duplicates DNA. The cell can
stop in interphase if environmental conditions
deteriorate.

A

Interphase

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22
Q

what happens during interphase?

A

cell increases in mass
duplicates DNA

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23
Q

parts of Interphase

A

Gap 1 (G1)
DNA Synthesis (S)
Gap 2 (G2)

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24
Q

what does Gap 1 (G1) do

A

cell growth before DNA replication

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25
Q

what does Synthesis (S) do

A

DNA replication

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26
Q

what does Gap 2 (G2) do?

A

cell prepares for division

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27
Q

five parts of mitosis

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
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28
Q

what happens in prophase?

A
  • Chromosomes begin condensing and become
    visible
  • The nucleoli disappear
  • microtubules begin to form and become visible
    and Extend from each replicated centrosome
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29
Q

what happens in prometaphase?

A
  • The nuclear envelope begins to break down
  • Some microtubules attach to the kinetochore
  • Some microtubules attach to each other from
    opposite poles within the cell and extend and force the cell to enlarge
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30
Q

A 3-layer protein structure (disk) that is located at
or near the centromere of each chromosome

A

kinetochore

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31
Q

The area where microtubules (kinetochore fibers)
attach to the chromosome

A

kinetochore

32
Q

Region of the chromosome where sister chromatids are attached in the condensed chromosome

A

Centromere

33
Q

A microtubule organizing and production center

A

centrosome

34
Q

9 pairs of triplet microtubules found within the centrosome of animal cells

A

centriole

35
Q

what happens at metaphase?

A
  • Centrosomes at opposite poles (ends) of cell
  • Chromosomes are moved to the center of
    the cell by microtubules and are line up
    along the metaphase plate
36
Q

what is the cell’s equator called?

A

metaphase plate

37
Q

what happens in anaphase

A
  • The 2 chromatids physically separate when the
    centromere divides.
  • Each daughter chromosome is hen “pulled” to
    opposite ends of the cell by a shortening of the
    microtubules attached to chromatids
  • Other microtubules (attached to each other from o
    opposite poles) increase in length which increases
    the cell size
38
Q

what mechanism is used by the Motor proteins that “walk” the chromosomes along the kinetochore fibers to opposite poles as these fibers shorten from the
kinetochore end

A

“Pac-man” mechanism

39
Q

division of one nucleus into 2 genetically identical nuclei)

A

mitosis

40
Q

what happens in telophase?

A

*The chromosomes at the opposite ends uncoil
* A new nuclear envelope forms
* The spindle fibers break down and disappear.
* Mitosis is complete.

41
Q

brief synopsis of cytokinesis

A

The cytoplasm is cleaved in half and the
new cell membrane grows to enclose both
cells (the original cell and the daughter cell).
[different in plant and animal cells]

42
Q

how does cytokinesis happen in plant cells?

A

A double membrane cell plate formed by vessicles
(produced by Golgi Apparatus)
–> Between the membrane, the cell wall will form

43
Q

how does cytokinesis happen in animal cells?

A

Process known as cleavage
– A cleavage furrow is formed
* Furrow deepens until
cell is pinched in two

44
Q

Made of a contractile ring of actin and myosin
proteins

A

cleavage furrow

45
Q

The frequency of cell division varies with

A

the type of cells

46
Q

what cells in a mature human do not divide at all?

A

nerve and muscle cells

47
Q

3 main checkpoints of the Cell-Cycle Control System

A

G1(both during interphase)
G2
M Phase (during Mitosis)

48
Q

what regulates the cycle

A

Rhythmic fluctuations in the concentration of
particular molecules

49
Q

Some of these regulatory molecules are what

A

protein kinases

50
Q

enzymes which activate proteins by phosphorylating them

A

Protein kinases

51
Q

The activity of some kinases are dependent on
regulatory proteins (cyclins) which attach to the
kinases and activate them making them what

A

cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

52
Q

Mitosis promoting factor triggers the cell’s passage
through the G2 checkpoint into the Mitosis Phase

A

MPF

53
Q

also destroys its own cyclin which deactivates
itself

A

MPF

54
Q

remains intact to then interact with
new cyclin if available

A

CDK portion

55
Q

A signal that delays anaphase originates at the what

A

kinetochores that aren’t yet attached to microtubules

56
Q

how does the anaphase Promoting Complex (APC) become active?

A

when all of the kinetochores have attached to the microtubules

57
Q

is a protein released by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide

A

a growth factor

58
Q

is made by platelet blood cells (important in wound healing) is required for division of fibroblasts (cells that secrete fibers in connective tissue)

A

platelet-derived growth factor
(PDGF)

59
Q

what does the Binding of PDGF to its specific receptors (T-K receptors) do?

A

triggers a signal transduction pathway
that ends in cell division

60
Q

When the cell population reaches a certain
density, the amount of required growth factors
and nutrients available to each cell becomes
insufficient to allow continued cell growth

A

Density-Dependent Inhibition of Cell Division

61
Q

what happens bc of Density-Dependent Inhibition of Cell Division

A

crowed cells stop dividing

62
Q

(extracellular matrix of a tissue)

A

substratum

63
Q

In order to divide the cells must be attached to what?

A

substratum

64
Q

When abnormal cells are not destroyed, they may
proliferate to form a what?

A

tumor

65
Q

an unregulated growing mass of cells within otherwise normal tissue

A

tumor

66
Q

If the cells remain at this original site, the mass is
called a

A

benign tumor

67
Q

is invasive enough to impair normal function of 1 or more organs of the body.

A

malignant tumor

68
Q

Only an individual with a what is said
to have cancer

A

malignant tumor

69
Q

properties of a malignant tumor

A
  • Abnormal cell cycle; excessive proliferation
  • May have unusual number of chromosomes
  • Lost attachments to neighboring cells and
    extracellular matrix
  • Angiogenesis
70
Q

stimulation of new blood vessels

A

angiogenesis

71
Q

This spread of cancer beyond their original sites is
called

A

metastasis

72
Q

If a tumor metastasizes it is usually treated with what?

A

radiation and chemotherapy

73
Q

cell suicide controlled by the p53
gene. This is done after the cell has performed
its function or if the cell becomes altered in
ways such as infection or cancerous
transformation that might pose a threat to the
whole body.

A

apoptosis

74
Q

In cancer cells the what has been tampered with
or shut down.

A

p53

75
Q

normally induces apoptosis if a cell’s DNA gets damaged.

A

p53

Biology 1 (18 decks)

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