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Biology 1 > Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive

A

cells

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2
Q

Senses & Responds to environment
Exchanges materials and energy w/ surroundings

A

Microscopic command centers

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3
Q

takes cells apart andseparates the major organelles from one another

A

Cell fractionation

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4
Q

enables scientists to determine the functions of organelles

A

cell fractionation

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5
Q

Basic features of all cells:

A

Plasma membrane
Semifluid substance called cytosol
Chromosomes (carry genes)
Ribosomes (make proteins)

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6
Q

Semifluid substance

A

cytosol

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7
Q

is a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell

A

plasma membrane

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8
Q

A eukaryotic cell has internal membranes that divide the cell into compartments—

A

organelles

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9
Q

The basic fabric of biological membranes is what

A

a double layer of phospholipids and other lipids

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10
Q

an internal membrane bound sac or compartment that serves one or more specialized functions inside eukaryotic cells.

A

organelle

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11
Q

use the information from the DNA to make proteins1

A

ribosomes

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12
Q

contains most of the cell’s genes and is usually the most conspicuous organelle

A

nucleus

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13
Q

encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm

A

nuclear envelope

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14
Q

In the nucleus, DNA is organized into discrete units called

A

chromosomes

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15
Q

In its uncondensed state, each chromosome contains one DNA molecule associated with proteins (histones) and is referred to as

A

chromatin

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16
Q

condenses to form discrete chromosomes as a cell prepares to divide

A

chromatin

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17
Q

is located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

A

nucleolus

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18
Q

are complexes of two subunits made of ribosomal RNA and protein

A

ribosomes

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19
Q

carry out protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

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20
Q

in what two locations does ribosomes caary out protein synthesis

A

cytosol
nuclear envelope

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21
Q

regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell

A

endomembrane system

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22
Q

what does the endomembrane system consist of

A

Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane

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23
Q

These components of the endomembrane system are either continuous or connected via transfer by

A

vesicles

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24
Q

accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER

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25
Q

the two regions of the ER

A

Rough ER
Smooth ER

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26
Q

whose surface is studded with ribosomes

A

Rough ER

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27
Q

which lacks ribosomes

A

Smooth ER

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28
Q

proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates

A

Glycoproteins

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29
Q

is produced in rough ER of pancreatic cells and then secreted into blood stream

A

Insulin

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30
Q

consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae

A

Golgi apparatus

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31
Q

Modifies products of the ER

A

Golgi apparatus

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32
Q

flattened membranous sacs

A

cisternae

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33
Q

Manufactures certain macromolecules

A

Golgi apparatus

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34
Q

Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

A

Golgi apparatus

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35
Q

is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules

A

Lysosome

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36
Q

are made by rough ER and then transferred to the Golgi apparatus for further processing

A

Hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes

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37
Q

Some types of cells can engulf another cell by

A

phagocytosis

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38
Q

this forms a food vacuole

A

phagocytosis

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39
Q

fuses with the food vacuole and digests the molecules

A

lysosome

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40
Q

also use enzymes to recycle thecell’s own organelles and macromolecules,a process called autophagy

A

lysosomes

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41
Q

using enzymes to recycle thecell’s own organelles and macromolecules

A

autophagy

42
Q

are specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane

A

Peroxisomes

43
Q

They breakdown fatty acids and amino acids and produce hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct

A

Peroxisomes

44
Q

are large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi apparatus

A

vacuoles

45
Q

perform a variety of functions in different kinds of cells

A

vacuoles

46
Q

are formed by phagocytosi

A

food vacuoles

47
Q

found in many freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells

A

contractile vacuoles

48
Q

found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water

A

central vacuoles

49
Q

an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

A

mitochondria

50
Q

smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into what

A

cristae

51
Q

The inner membrane creates two compartments: called what

A

intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix

52
Q

Some metabolic steps of cellular respiration are catalyzed in the what

A

mitochondrial matrix

53
Q

green pigment

A

chlorophyll

54
Q

contain the green pigment chlorophyll, as well as enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

55
Q

membranous sacs

A

thylakoids

56
Q

thylakoids are stacked to form what

A

granum

57
Q

the internal fluid

A

stroma

58
Q

The chloroplast is one of a group of plant organelles, called

A

plastids

59
Q

states that the mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotic cells were once aerobic bacteria (prokaryote) that were ingested by a large anaerobic bacteria (prokaryote).

A

endosymbiont theory

60
Q

is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

A

cytoskeleton

61
Q

It organizes the cell’s structures and activities, anchoring many organelles

A

cytoskeleton

62
Q

what three types of molecular structures does the cytoskeleton compose?

A

microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments

63
Q

helps to support the cell and maintain its shape

A

cytoskeleton

64
Q

the cytoskeleton interacts with what to produce cell motility

A

motor proteins

65
Q

are the thickest of the three components of the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules

66
Q

are the thinnest components

A

microfilaments

67
Q

are fibers with diameters in a middle range

A

Intermediate filaments

68
Q

are hollow rods about 25 nm in diameter and about 200 nm to 25 microns long

A

microtubules

69
Q

Microtubules are constructed of dimers of

A

tubulin

70
Q

what are the functions of microtubules

A

Shape of cell
Guiding movement of organelles
Separating chromosomes during cell division

71
Q

In animal cells, microtubules grow out from a what near the nucleus

A

centrosome

72
Q

In animal cells, the centrosome has a pair of what each with nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring

A

centrioles

73
Q

control the beating of flagella and cilia,

A

microtubules

74
Q

microtubule-containing extensions thatproject from some cells

A

cilia and flagella

75
Q

Many unicellular eukaryotes are propelled through water by

A

cilia
flagella

76
Q

what is the motion of flagella

A

direction of swimming

77
Q

what is the motion of cilia

A

direction of organism’s movement

78
Q

that anchors the cilium or flagellum

A

basal body

79
Q

which drives the bending movements of a cilium or flagellum

A

dynein

80
Q

A motor protein called

A

dynein

81
Q

has two “feet” that “walk” along microtubules

A

dynein

82
Q

what cause the microtubules to bend, rather than slide, because the microtubules are held in place

A

Movements of the feet

83
Q

are solid rods built as actin subunits

A

Microfilaments

84
Q

microfilaments form a what just inside the plasma membrane to help support the cell’s shape

A

cortex

85
Q

Bundles of microfilaments make up the core of what

A

microvilli

86
Q

Microfilaments that function in cellular motility contain the protein what

A

myosin

87
Q

cellular extensions

A

pseudopodia

88
Q

is a circular flow of cytoplasm within cells, driven by actin-myosin interactions

A

cytoplasmic streaming

89
Q

is a circular flow of cytoplasm within cells, driven by actin-myosin interactions

A

cytoplasmic streaming

90
Q

range in diameter from 8 to 12 nanometers, larger than microfilamentsbut smaller than microtubules

A

intermediate filaments

91
Q

Animal cells lack cell walls but are covered by an elaborate

A

extracellular matrix (ECM)

92
Q

The ECM is made up of glycoproteins such as what

A

collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin

93
Q

ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called

A

integrins

94
Q

Neighboring cells in tissues, organs, or organ systems often adhere, interact, and communicate through direct physical contact due to what

A

cell junction

95
Q

are channels that perforate plant cell walls

A

Plasmodesmata

96
Q

cell junction in plants

A

Plasmodesmata

97
Q

water and small solutes (and sometimes proteins and RNA) can pass from cell to cell

A

plasmodesmata

98
Q

membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preve

A

tight junctions

99
Q

(anchoring junctions) fasten cells together into strong sheets

A

desmosomes

100
Q

(communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

A

gap junctions

Biology 1 (18 decks)

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