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Biology 1 > Chapter 16: The Molecular Basis of Inheritance DNA- the Genetic Material > Flashcards

Chapter 16: The Molecular Basis of Inheritance DNA- the Genetic Material Flashcards

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1
Q

composed of nucleotides

A

nucleic acids

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2
Q

what are nucleotides made of?

A
  1. 5 C simple sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
  2. Phosphate Group
  3. Nitrogenous base
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3
Q

how many bases does DNA have?

A

4

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4
Q

what are the bases of DNA

A

Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine

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5
Q

who studied bacteria?

A

Griffith and Avery

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6
Q

who studied Viruses

A

Hershey & Chase

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7
Q

what bacteria did Griffith study?

A

2 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae

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8
Q

disease-causing

A

pathogenic

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9
Q

what kinds of strains did he use?

A

1 pathogenic
1 harmless

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10
Q

Exposure of harmless strains to the remains of the pathogenic strains caused a what?

A

a change, a transformationa transformation in in
the harmless variety the harmless variety

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11
Q

a change in genotype and phenotype due to
an assimilation of external DNAan assimilation of external DNA

A

Transformation

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12
Q

at molecule changes in the harmless strain

A

only DNA

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13
Q

who purified various chemicals from the pathogenic remains and added each individually to the harmless strain

A

Avery

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14
Q

was accepted as the genetic material

A

DNA

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15
Q

were using a technique called X-ray crystallography to study molecular structure

A

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin

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16
Q

this was used to study molecular structure

A

X-ray crystallography

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17
Q

produced a picture of the DNA molecule
using this technique

A

Rosalind Franklin

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18
Q

enabled Watson to deduce that DNA was helical

A

Franklin’s X-ray crystallographic images of DNA

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19
Q

what did the x-ray images help Watson deduce?

A

that DNA was helical
the width of the helix
the spacing of the nitrogenous bases
the double helix

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20
Q

2 strands attached at their nitrogenous bases

A

Double helix

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21
Q

Who said this
“It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanisms for the genetic material”mechanisms for the genetic material”

A

Watson and Crick

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22
Q

Nitrogenous bases pair up and attach by weak H bonds

A

Complimentary base pairing

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23
Q

which bases pair with which?

A

A and T
C and G
(you look at george clooney)

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24
Q

Complicated, highly organized process involving more
than a dozen enzymes and proteins contribute to DNA than a dozen enzymes and proteins contribute to what?

A

DNA Replication

25
Q

DNA molecules are duplicated through a process
called what?

A

DNA Replication

26
Q

Enzymes break apart the hydrogen bonds that hold the 2 strands of the double helix together

A

helicases

27
Q

New nitrogenous bases attach to each original
exposed DNA strand and 2 new DNA molecules are exposed DNA strand and 2 new DNA molecules are formed

A

(semi-conservative process)

28
Q

enzymes that attach free nucleotides to that attach free nucleotides to unwound portions of the unwound portions of the parent template

A

DNA polymerase

29
Q

unwind the DNA strand so DNA DNA strand so DNA polymerases can go to work

A

DNA Helicases

30
Q

where DNA replication begins

A

origins of replication

31
Q

where the
two strands of DNA separate to form two strands of DNA separate to form
replication “bubbles”replication “bubbles”

A

origins of replication

32
Q

a Y-shaped region where the new strands of DNA region where the new strands of DNA
are elongating

A

replication “fork”

33
Q

Bind to and stabilize the unwound tabilize the unwound parental DNA

A

Single-strand binding proteins

34
Q

relieves the strain of twisting of the double helix by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining
DNA strands

A

Topoisomerase

35
Q

what is DNA composed of?

A

2 intertwined strands which
run in opposite directions

36
Q

intertwined strands which
run in opposite directions = what

A

antiparallelrun

37
Q

DNA is polar with a 5’ end

A

Phosphate group terminal

38
Q

DNA is polar with a 3’ end

A

hydroxyl group terminal

39
Q

nucleotides units are added where

A

from 5’ to 3’

40
Q

the new DNA strand from one parental strand

A

Leading strand

41
Q

follows in the direction of the fork

A

Leading strand

42
Q

works along the other parental strand in
the opposite direction - away from the replication fork the opposite direction

A

the lagging strand

43
Q

is the lagging strand first synthesized

A

Okazaki fragments

44
Q

enzyme that fills in tiny gaps between the
new short stretches of nucleotides to form a new
continuous strand

A

DNA ligase

45
Q

Joins the fragments together

A

DNA ligase

46
Q

DNA polymerase can only add
nucleotides where

A

to the end of an
existing polynucleotide chain.existing polynucleotide chain.

47
Q

what is used to overcome DNA polymerase only being able to add nucleotides to the end of an existing polynucleotide chain

A

primers

48
Q

is a short stretch of RNA

A

primers

49
Q

it functions as the original pre-existing
chain with which DNA polymerase can chain with which DNA polymerase can
interact

A

primers

50
Q

joins RNA nucleotides

A

primers

51
Q

how many primers are needed for the leading DNA strand

A

1

52
Q

how many primers are needed for the lagging DNA strand

A

1 per fragment

53
Q

what binds primers after they are converted to Dna

A

ligase

54
Q

Enzymes what? the newly synthesized
DNA “looking” for mistakes and repairs

A

proof-read

55
Q

how many Specialized DNA Repair Enzymes
discovered so far in humansdiscovered so far in humans

A

130

56
Q

checks the sequence
as it progresses

A

DNA Polymerase

57
Q

special enzymes find
mistake(s) (mispaired nucleotide), delete
and then correct nucleotide is inserted

A

mismatch repair

58
Q

Nuclease cuts out a damaged area and repaired by DNA polymerase and ligase

A

Nucleotide Excision Repair

59
Q

a region of repetitive nucleotides sequences at each end of the chromosome

A

telomere

Biology 1 (18 decks)

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