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Biology 1 > Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organisms are made of what

A

matter

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2
Q

is a substance that cannot be broken
down to other substances by chemical reactions

A

element

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3
Q

is a substance consisting of two or
more elements in a fixed ratio

A

compound

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4
Q

elements required for life

A

essential elements

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5
Q

how much of a percentage are natural elements

A

20-25% of the 92

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6
Q

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up how many percentage of living matter

A

96%

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7
Q

are required by an organism in only
minute quantities

A

trace elements

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8
Q

is the smallest unit of matter that still
retains the properties of an element

A

atom

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9
Q

Atoms are composed of what

A

subatomic particles

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10
Q

dense core

A

nucleus

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11
Q

what composes the nucleases

A

protons and neutrons

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12
Q

form a “cloud” of negative charge around
the nucleus

A

electrons

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13
Q

Neutron mass and proton mass are almost identical
and are measured in

A

Daltons

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14
Q

is the number of
protons in its nucleus

A

atomic number

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15
Q

is the sum of protons
plus neutrons in the nucleus

A

mass number

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16
Q

the atom’s total mass,

A

atomic mass

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17
Q

how is the chemical behavior of an atom determined

A

the distribution of electrons in electron shells

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18
Q

the distribution of electrons in electron shells

A

isotopes

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19
Q

decay spontaneously, giving
off particles and energy

A

radioactive

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20
Q

A “parent” isotope decays into its “daughter” isotope
at a fixed rate, expressed as the

A

half-life

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21
Q

scientists measure the ratio
of different isotopes and calculate how many half-
lives have passed since the fossil or rock was
formed

A

radiometric dating

22
Q

is the capacity to cause change

A

energy

23
Q

is the energy that matter has
because of its location or structure

A

Potential energy

24
Q

An electron’s state of potential energy is called its
energy level

A

electron shell

25
Q

electrons in the outermost shell,

A

valence electrons

26
Q

outermost electron shell

A

valence shell

27
Q

what determines the chemical behavior of an Atom

A

valence electrons

28
Q

Elements with a full valence shell are what

A

chemically inert

29
Q

the three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time is called what

A

orbital

30
Q

atoms are held by attractions called what

A

chemical bonds

31
Q

is the sharing of a pair of valence
electrons by two atoms

A

covalent

32
Q

consists of two or more atoms held
together by covalent bonds

A

molecule

33
Q

is the
sharing of one pair of valence electrons

A

single bond

34
Q

is the
sharing of two pairs of valence electrons

A

double bond

35
Q

is an atom’s attraction for the
electrons in a covalent bond

A

Electronegativity

36
Q

the atoms share the
electron equally

A

nonpolar covalent bond

37
Q

one atom is more
electronegative, and the atoms do not share
the electron equally

A

polar covalent bond

38
Q

Unequal sharing of electrons causes what

A

partial positive or negative charge for each atom
or molecule

39
Q

A charged atom (or molecule) is called an

A

ions

40
Q

is a positively charged ion

A

cation

41
Q

negatively charged ion

A

anion

42
Q

an attraction between an anion and
a cation

A

ionic bond

43
Q

Compounds formed by ionic bonds are called

A

ionic
compounds, or salts

44
Q

Most of the strongest bonds in organisms are

A

covalent bonds that form a cell’s molecules

45
Q

Many large biological molecules are held in their
functional form

A

weak bonds

46
Q

forms when a hydrogen atom
covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is
also attracted to another electronegative ato

A

hydrogen atoms

47
Q

In living cells, the electronegative partners are what

A

oxygen or nitrogen atoms

48
Q

are attractions between
molecules that are close together as a result of
these charges

A

Van der Waals interactions

49
Q

are the making and breaking of
chemical bonds

A

Chemical reactions

50
Q

The starting molecules of a chemical reaction are
called

A

reactants

51
Q

The final molecules of a chemical reaction are called

A

products

Biology 1 (18 decks)

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