Chapter 1: Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry Flashcards
the scientific study of life
biology
consists of all life on earth and all the places where life exists
biosphere
all living things in particular area along with all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts
ecosystems
the array of organize inhabiting a particular ecosystem is called what
biological community
a group whose members can only reproduce with other members if the group
species
consists of all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area that interbreed with each other
population
individual living things are called what
organisms
a body part that is made up of multiple tissues and has a specific functions in the body
organ
the life’s fundamental unit of structure and function
cell
the various functional components present in cell
organelles
a group of cells that work together
tissue
a chemical structure consisting of two or more units called atoms
molecule
and approach that reduced complex systems to simpler components that are more manable to study
reductionism
the object study in a reductionist approach
isolated components of living systems
new properties that Arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases
emergent properties
an approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of interactions among the system’s parts
systems biology
the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life
cell
the cell theory
all living organisms are made of cells
this type of cell contains membrane enclosed organelles
eukaryotic
this type of cell lacks a nucleus or other membrane enclosed organelles
prokaryotic cell
genetic material
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
units of inheritance
gene
encode the information necessary to build all the molecules synthesized within a cell
gene
control protein production
RNA
the sequence of nucleotides along a gene is transcribed into what
mRNA
protein building blocks
amino acids
the entire process by which information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product is what
gene expression
is its entire “library” of
genetic instructions
genome
is the study of sets of genes in one or
more species
genomics
is the study of whole sets of proteins
and their properties
proteomics
The entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell,
tissue, or organ is called
proteome
The chemical energy generated by plants and other
photosynthetic organisms
producers
are organisms that feed on other
organisms or their remains
consumers
is the one idea that makes logical sense of
everything we know about living organisms
evolution
the concept that
living organisms are modified descendants of
common ancestors
evolution
the name of the soecies
homo sapiens
three organism. are divided into three domains
Bacteria
Archaea
includes all eukaryotic organisms
eukaraya
The most numerous and diverse eukaryotes are the
Protists
The most numerous and diverse eukaryotes are the
dna
Darwin made two main points
Species showed evidence of “descent with
modification” from common ancestors
“Natural selection” is the mechanism behind descent
with modification
The natural environment “selects” for the
propagation of beneficial traits
natural selection
The shared anatomy of mammalian limbs reflects
the inheritance of the limb structure from where
a common ancestor
is derived from Latin and means
“to know”
science
The resulting global warming is just one aspect of
climate change
Theodosius Dobzhansky’s quote
“Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light
of evolution”
how many species have been identified and named
1.8 million species
which two names do organisms go by?
genus and species
what three divisions are organisms divided into
bacteria
archaea
eukaryotic
what domains does prokaryotes have
bacteria and archaea
includes the protists and three
kingdoms
eukarya
what kingdoms does eukaryotic include
plants
fungi
animals
produce their own food
plants
absorb nutrients
fungi
ingest their food
animals
The most numerous and diverse eukaryotes are the
mostly single celled organisms
protist
s the universal genetic language common to all
organisms
DNA
occurs as the unequal reproductive
success of individuals
evolution
Evolutionary relationships are often illustrated with what
treelike diagrams
is the search for information and
explanations of natural phenomena
inquiry
Recorded observations are called
data
often take the form of recorded
descriptions
Qualitative data
are expressed as numerical
measurement, organized into tables and graphs
Quantitative data
is an explanation, based
on observations and assumptions, that leads to a
testable prediction
hypothesis
is a scientific test, carried out under
controlled conditions
experiment
what kind of explanations are outside the bounds of science
Supernatural and religious
is an idealized process of
inquiry
scientific inquiries
who hypothesized that the color patterns had evolved as adaptations to protect the
mice from predators
Francis Bertody Sumner
an experimental group
is compared with a control group
controlled experiment
are features or quantities
that vary in an experiment
variables
is the one that is
manipulated by the researchers
independent variable
is the one predicted to be
affected in response
dependent variable
General, and can lead to new testable hypotheses
theory
Supported by a large body of evidence in comparison
to a hypothesis
theory
the output, or product of a
process, regulates that very process
feedback regulation
The most common form of regulation in living
organisms
negative feedback
in which the
response reduces the initial stimulus
negative feedback
in which an end product speeds up its
own production
positive feedback
