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Biology 1 > Chapter 14: Foundations of Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Foundations of Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

father of genetics

A

Gregor medel

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2
Q

things to know about mendel

A
  • Austrian monk
  • background as a farmer
  • Statistician (strong background in
    mathematics) - he counted the
    different types of offspring
  • worked with pea plants Pisum
    sativum
  • He was a plant breeder as well as a
    mathematician.
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3
Q

what plants did Mendel use for his experiments?

A

pea plants Pisum sativum

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4
Q

Why are pea plants a good organism
to use for genetic experiments?

A

1.Inexpensive
2.Short lifetime
3.many observable traits
4.lots of progeny
5.self-fertilizing
6.can be cross-fertilized

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5
Q

A heritable feature that varies among
individuals (such as flower color) is called a

A

character

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6
Q

Each variant for a character, such as purple
or white color for flowers, is called a

A

trait

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7
Q

The particular genes an organism
carries

A

genotype

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8
Q

An individual’s observable physical
traits

A

phenotype

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9
Q

When offspring of genetic crosses
(breeding) that inherit two identical
alleles for a trait.

A

True-Breeding Lineage

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10
Q

what offsprings do True-Breeding Lineage breed?

A

ones with the same trait as their parents.

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11
Q

When offspring of a genetic cross
inherit a pair of non-identical alleles
for a trait

A

hybrid offspring

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12
Q

When the two alleles of a pair for a
certain trait are different

A

heterozygous

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13
Q

the allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygous individual

A

Dominant allele

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14
Q

the allele that is fully masked in the phenotype of a heterozygous individual

A

Recessive allele

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15
Q

Both alleles for the same trait are dominant

A

Homozygous Dominant

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16
Q

what do Homozygous Dominant look like

A

[AA]

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17
Q

One allele has the dominant form of the gene
and the other has the recessive form.

A

Heterozygous

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18
Q

what do Heterozygous look like

A

[Aa]

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19
Q

Both alleles for the same trait are recessive

A

Homozygous Recessive

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20
Q

what do homozygous recessive look like

A

[aa]

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21
Q

P

A

parental generation

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22
Q

F1

A

first generation of offspring (first
filial)

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23
Q

F2

A

second generation of offspring
(second filial)

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24
Q

the location for a specific gene on a specific type of chromosome

A

gene locus

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25
Q

Alleles segregate when?

A

during gamete production

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26
Q

is a chance event, with a
number of possible outcomes that
could be predicted based on
probability

A

fertilization

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27
Q

the likelihood that a particular
event will happen.

A

probability

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28
Q

Helps to visualize the probability
of different outcomes in a genetic
cross.

A

Punnet Square

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29
Q

Only one trait is followed through
a series of genetic crosses.

A

Monohybrid Cross

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30
Q

Two traits are followed through a
series of genetic crosses.

A

Dihybrid Cross

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31
Q

An individual with the dominant phenotype could be what?

A

either homozygous dominant or heterozygous

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32
Q

To determine the genotype we can carry out a what?

A

testcross

33
Q

breeding the mystery individual with a
homozygous recessive individual

A

testcross

34
Q

If any offspring display the recessive phenotype, the mystery parent must be what?

A

heterozygous

35
Q

occurs when phenotypes
of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical

A

complete dominance

36
Q

the phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of
the two parental varieties

A

incomplete dominance

37
Q

two dominant alleles affect the
phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

A

codominance,

38
Q

example of codominance

A

blood types

39
Q

This positive and negative in our blood type indicates what?

A

Rh factor

40
Q

determines the presence or absence of a protein on the surface of the RBC.

A

Rh factor

41
Q

how much of the population is Rh positive?

A

85%

42
Q

are called “universal
donors”

A

O Rh negative

43
Q

“universal receivers.”

A

AB Rh postive

44
Q

what is the definition of Rh factor incompatibility

A

If you’re Rh-negative and your baby is Rh-positive
(thanks to your husband’s genes), that’s fine….
until your blood mixes with your baby’s blood a
bit during placental separation at birth.
* At that critical point, fetal blood cells can
accidentally combine with your system, and you
make antibodies to fight them which damages fetal red blood cells

45
Q

Most genes have multiple phenotypic effects, a
property called

A

pleiotropy

46
Q

what are pleiotropic alleles responsible for?

A

multiple symptoms of certain hereditary
diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and sickle-cell
disease

47
Q

what does wet ear wax code for?

A

glycine

48
Q

what does dry ear wax code for?

A

arginine

49
Q

a gene at one locus alters the
phenotypic expression of a gene at a second
locus

A

epistasis

50
Q

what is an example of epistasis

A

albinism

51
Q

are those that vary in the population along a continuum

A

Quantitative characters

52
Q

an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype

A

polygenic inheritance

53
Q

Quantitative variation usually indicates what?

A

polygenic inheritance

54
Q

examples of polygenic inheritance

A

skin color
and
height

55
Q

is the phenotypic range
of a genotype influenced by the environment

A

norm of reaction

56
Q

Another departure from Mendelian genetics
arises when what?

A

the phenotype for a character
depends on environment as well as genotype

57
Q

is a family tree that describes the
interrelationships of parents and children
across generations

A

pedigree

58
Q

Inheritance patterns of particular traits can be
traced and described using what

A

pedigrees

59
Q

Recessively inherited disorders show up only in what type of alleles?

A

individuals homozygous

60
Q

are heterozygous individuals who
carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically
normal;

A

carriers

61
Q

most individuals with recessive
disorders are born to what?

A

carrier parents

62
Q

is a recessive condition characterized
by a lack of pigmentation in skin and hair

A

albinism

63
Q

is the most common lethal genetic disease in the United States, striking one out of every 2,500 people of European descent

A

Cystic fibrosis

64
Q

results in defective or absent chloride transport channels in plasma membranes leading to a buildup of chloride ions inside the cell

A

Cystic fibrosis

65
Q

symptoms of cystic fibrosis

A

mucus buildup in some
internal organs and abnormal absorption of
nutrients in the small intestine (pleiotropy)

66
Q

affects one out of 400 African-Americans

A

Sickle-cell disease

67
Q

caused by the substitution of a
single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein in
red blood cells

A

sickle-cell disease

68
Q

In what kind of individuals, all hemoglobin is
abnormal (sickle-cell)

A

homozygous

69
Q

symptoms of sickle-cell disease are?

A

physical weakness, pain,
organ damage, and even paralysis (pleiotropy)

70
Q

In what kind of individuals, are usually healthy but may suffer some symptoms

A

Heterozygotes

71
Q

what is the Statistics of AA who has sickle cell trait?

A

one out of ten African Americans

72
Q

If a recessive allele that causes a disease is
rare, then the chance of two carriers meeting
and mating is

A

low

73
Q

increase the chance of mating between two carriers of the same rare allele

A

Consanguineous matings

74
Q

what percent of pakistan people carries out consanguineous marriages?

A

60 percent of the population

75
Q

what genetic disorders does this lead to?

A

Congenital heart disease, blood diseases such
as hemophilia and thalassemia, deafness,
cystic fibrosis, breast cancer and depression.

76
Q

what kind of alleles that cause a lethal disease
are rare and arise by mutation

A

Dominant

77
Q

is a form of dwarfism caused by a rare dominant allele

A

Achondroplasia

78
Q

There are now tests that can identify carriers of the alleles for

A

Tay-Sachs disease, sickle-cell disease,
and the most common form of cystic fibrosis.

Biology 1 (18 decks)

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