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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell growth depends on what?

A

Using genetic information in DNA to make structural and functional proteins ( needed for survival)

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2
Q

What does cell reproduction ensure?

A

That genetic information is passed from one generation to the next

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3
Q

What does DNA CONTAIN?

A

Genetic information that determines expression of heritable traits

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4
Q

What does the structure of DNA resemble?

A

A long spiral staircase referred to as a double helix

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5
Q

What are the parts (building blocks) that make up DNA

A

Sugar and phosphate unit make the ‘ladder’

Base pair make the steps

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6
Q

What is the combination pairing in DNA called?

A

Complementary or obligatory base pairing

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7
Q

What is a gene?

A

A specific segment or sequence of base pairs within a DNA molecule

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8
Q

What do genes dictate and direct?

A

Direct the formation of enzymes and other proteins

Direct the RNA production and protein synthesis

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9
Q

In different chromosomes the genetic sequence _____

A

Varies

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10
Q

How many approx base pairs in human gene?

A

1000 base pairs

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11
Q

Composition of RNA

A

Sugar

Phosphate and nitrogenous base

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12
Q

What is the coding rna

A

mRNA

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13
Q

What a are the two non coding RNA

A
  • tRNA and rRNA
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14
Q

_______ plays are in transcription and translation

A

RNA

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15
Q

Where does the transcription occur

A

Nucleus

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16
Q

Describe Transcription

A

Double strand unzips by RNA polymerase

single stranded m RNA forms along a segment of one strand of the unzipped DNA

mRNA is edited and move into cytoplasm

17
Q

Describe translation

A

After leaving the nucleus and being edited, mRNA associates with a ribosome (which contains rRNA) in the cytoplasm

tRNA molecules then bring specific amino acids to the mRNA at the ribosome; the type of amino acid is determined by 3-base pair sequences called codons on the mRNA and anticodons on the tRNA

•As amino acids are brought into place, peptide bonds join them, resulting in the creation of a polypeptide chain aka protein

18
Q

Newly formed cells….

A

Produce a variety of molecules and other substances required for growth/ maintenance by using the info contained in the DNA’s genes

19
Q

WHEN A CELL IS NOT ACTIVELY DIVIDING IT IS IN

A

Interphase

20
Q

The stages of interphase are called

A

G1, S and G2

21
Q

Before a cell can decide it has to ______

A

Make a copy of its DNA so that it can be equally shared with daughter cells

22
Q

DNA replication results in

A

2 whole molecules identical to the original molecule

23
Q

Proceeding mitosis the DNA ______

A

Unwinds, separates base pairs and then each side attracts a lose complementary base pair. Making identical to start

24
Q

What is mitosis

A

The process in cell division that distributes identical chromosomes to each new daughter cell

25
Q

Mitosis enables ______

A

Cell to identically reproduce their own kind

26
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, Anaphase and telophase

27
Q

Discuss the change of chromatins in prophase

A

Chromatin granules become organized to form chromosomes

  • Chromosomes form a pair of linked strands called chromatids
  • Chromatids are held together by a beadlike structure called a centromere
28
Q

What happens with the centrioles in prophase

A

They move to opposite ends and spindle fibres for between them

29
Q

What happens to the nuclear envelope in prophase

A

It disappears

30
Q

What are 4 notable things of metaphase

A

●The nuclear envelope and nucleolus have disappeared
●Chromatids align across the center of each cell
●Centrioles have moved to opposite ends
●Spindle fibers attach themselves to the chromatids

31
Q

What are 5 things worth noting in anaphase?

A

•Centromeres break apart
•Separated chromatids are again called chromosomes
•Chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of cell
•Cleavage furrow develops at end of anaphase
●Beginning to divide cell into two daughter cells - cytokinesis

32
Q

What are 5 things worth noting in telophase

A
  • Cell division is completed
  • Nuclei appear in each daughter cells
  • Nuclear envelope and nucleoli appear
  • Cytoplasm and organelles divide equally
  • Daughter cells grow and become fully functional
33
Q

Body cells contain how many chromosomes vs how many in mature sex cells

A

46 (diploid)

22 homologous pairs with 2 other (XY or XX)

34
Q

Meiosis is the division of _________

A

Sex cells

35
Q

How many chromosomes do immature cells have

A

Also 46

36
Q

In meiosis the diploid number of chromosome is …..

A

Reduced to haploid (23) making the mature sex cells known as gametes

37
Q

Fertilization of two gametes makes a….

A

Zygote

38
Q

A zygote gets _____ chromosomes from each parent

A

23

Anatomy And Physiology (45 decks)

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