Chapter 27 Flashcards
Blood is a ____ that provides a _____ and ____ system as well as a _____ regulation mechanism
Liquid connective tissue
Pick up and delivery
Heat regulation
2 basic components of blood
Plasma = liquid component Formed elements (cells) = suspended in plasma
Plasma make up ____% of blood volume
55%
Blood plasma defined as
Blood minus its formed elements
Plasma is non _____
Living
Composition of blood plasma
Primarily water containing many dissolved substances (nutrients, O2,salts, hormones, waste)
Most abundant solutes in blood plasma are
Plasma proteins
4 types of plasma proteins
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Prothrombin
Albumins help ____ and maintain ____
Thicken and maintain blood volume
Globulins include the antibodies that
Help portect against infections
Fibrogen and prothrombin critical for
Blood clotting
Blood serum is.
Blood plasma minus clotting factors (still contains antibodies)
Blood amount varies with
Size and gender
Average amount of blood
4-6L
Average percentage of body weight made by blood
7-9%
Normal pH of blood
7.35 -7.45
3 main types of formed elements
Redblood cells/ erythrocytes
WBC/ leukocytes
Placets or thrombocytes
Rank the more common elements in blood
RBC>PLACETS> WBC
Approximately 1 drop of blood =
1 mm^3
Hematocrit (Hct)
The packed cell volume
Opposite of plasma
Bufffy coat of hematocrit is
WBC and platelet fraction
Normal RBC level is
45%
_____ levels can affect total blood volume but RBC count remains the same, thus % increases tho
Hydration
Most numerous of formed elements
RBC
Shape of RBC
Tiny biconcave disks
Shape of RBC increases
Surface are for maximum function
RBC has no
Nuclei or organelles
Primary component of RBC is
Protein hemoglobin
Life span of RBC
4 months
hemoglobin _____ and _____ between blood and cells
Transports and exchanges
Hemoglobin transports O2 as
Oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin transports CO2 as
Carbaminohemoglobin
Hemoglobin has _________ millopn molecules per RBS
200-300 million
Amount of hemoglobin is more in
Males
Structural makeup of hemoglobin
4 globulin chains; each attached to a heme group
Anemia
Conditions caused by an inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen to body cells
Anemia can occur is there is a deficiency of:
RBCs
hemoglobin (even if there are adequate # of RBC)
6 types of anemia
Aplastic (RBC) pernicious (RBC) Folate deficiency (RBC) Blood loss or hemorrahagic (RBC) Iron deficiency (hema) Sickle cell (hema)
Aplastic anemia
Decreased numbers of RBCs (and other formed elements of the blood, e.g. WBCs and platelets) following destruction of hemopoietic elements in the bone marrow (e.g. due to toxins, certain drugs, high dose irradiation, chemotherapy)
May be able to treat via bone marrow transplants
Pernicious
Decreased numbers of RBCs
Dietary deficiency of B12 or deficiency of intrinsic factor; which leads to decreased absorption of vitamin B12 (B12 is required for RBC production)
Can be fatal if not treated (one method is via intramuscular injections)
Folate deficiency anemia
Similar to pernicious anemia – also causes a decrease in RBCs
Due to folate (folic acid) deficiency which is common among alcoholics and malnourished
Treated with vitamin supplementation
Blood loss or hemorrhagic anemia
Decreased RBC # caused by hemorrhage
Iron deficiency anemia
Deficiency of hemoglobin due to iron deficiency
Person will likely feel tired all the time
Can be treated with supplementation
Sickle cell anemia
Severe and sometimes fatal genetic disease (especially if gene is inherited from both parents)
Caused by an abnormal type of hemoglobin that forms solid crystals when blood oxygen is low
Causes RBC shape to become distorted; can no longer function properly
Polycythemia
Bone marrow produces too many RBCs leading to an abnormally high RBC count
Blood may become too thick to flow properly
Could result in stroke or heart attack
Formation of RBCs =
Erthropoeisis
Formation of RBC
Begins in red bone marrow
4 day maturation process from hemocytoblast to matured RBC
RBCs are continually destroyed and therefore have to be continually replaced/reproduced at a rate of approximately 200 billion/day for the average adult!
Average lifespan of a circulating RBC is 105-120 days
_____ maturation process from hemocytoblast to matured RBC
4 day
Old abnormal, brocken down RBC get
“Eaten” by macrophafes in liver and spleen in an attempt to recycle as much of the RBCs components as possible
