Capter 3 Flashcards
What is an ion
An atom or group of atoms with an electrical charge
How is and ionic bond formed
Ions attract each other because of the electrical attractive between a negative and positive ion
How do covalent bonds form?
When atoms fill their outer energy orbital by sharing electrons to become stable
Why are covalent bonds so strong?
The atoms must stay close together in order to share their electrons
Which elements almost always form covalent bonds?
The major elements of the human body ( C,N,O,H)
What causes hydrogen bonds?
Unequal charge distributions of molecules causing unequal saying of elect ones between and polar region of one molecular and a positive of another.
Rate the strength of bonds from lowest to highest
Hydrogen, ionic, covalent
What are the three basic types of chemical reactions?
Synthesis, decomposition and exchange
What do chemical reactions always involve?
Energy transfer
What kind of reactions can occur in both directions?
Reversible
What is metabolism and what two processes is it made up of?
All the chemical reactions that occur in body cells
Made of catabolism and anabolism
What are the 2 important descriptions of catabolism?
Break down complex molecules into simpler
Release energy
What are the 3 main end products of catabolism?
Carbon dioxide, water and waste
What happens with some of the energy release from catabolism
Turn to ATP to do cellular work
What is anabolism?
Join simple molecules together to create complex ones
Name a reaction that is anablistic
Dehydration reaction
How many carbon atoms must a organic molecule have and what are the two bonds that it must have to be classified as such?
Must have at least one carbon atom
Must have at least one carbon-carbon bond and/or one carbon-hydrogen bond in each molecules
How many carbons do inorganic molecules have and what bonds do they have
They have very few carbon atoms and they do not have any carbon-carbon bonds or carbon-hydrogen bonds
Name 4 examples of inorganic molecules?
Water, salt, some acids and bases
Name the 4 properties of water
- Polarity
- Solvent
- High specific heat
- High heat of vaporization
Define water polarity
Allows water to act as a solvent as it ionizes substances in solution
Ionizes means converts molecules into ions typically by removing electrons
Describe water being solvent
Because many molecules can dissolve in, it allows for transportation of essential materials around the body
Describe High specific heat of water
Water can lose and gain large amounts of heat with very little change in its own temperature
Allowing the body to maintain relative temperature
Describe high heat of vapourization
Water requires the absorption of A lot of heat to change it from liquid to gas. Allows the body to dissipate the excess heat
Water forms a _____ solution in the body
Aqueous
Name the 2 chemical reactions that water is involved with
Dehydration and hydrolysis
Describe a dehydration reaction
Water is removed in two molecule forming a bond into one
Describe hydrolysis
Water is added to a larger molecule to break it down into two smaller ones.
What is the significance of oxygen in the body?
Required to complete decomposition reactions that are necessary for the release of water in the body
What is the significance of carbon dioxide in the body?
It is the waste product of cellular respiration and is important in maintaining the acid base balance in the body
What is an electrolyte?
A molecule that dissociates in water to form individual ions
What are three examples of ion electrolytes
Na+, Cl-, K+
Pure water molecule dissociate to form equal amounts of ______ and ________
H+ and OH-
What is the difference between water and acids/bases
Acids and bases do not have equal levels of OH- and H+
What makes an acid
Substance has more H+ than OH-
What makes a base
Substance has more OH- than H+
What is another word for a substance that is basic
Alkaline
Describe substances above and below pH of 7
Below 7 is acidic and above 7 is basic
What is a buffer?
Buffers are chemical systems that absorb excess acid or bases and thus maintain a relatively stable pH
What is neutralization and what is the result of it?
Occurs when strong acids and strong bases are mixed together
The results are water and salt
