Chapter 24 Flashcards
Chemorecpetors are called
Olfactory receptors
Olfactory receptors are located in
Small are of epithelial tissure in upper part of nasal cavity
What are located on olfactory neurons that are able to sense differnt chemicals
Specialized Cilia
Sense of smell is
Olfaction
__________ generates a nerve impulse that travels through the olfactory nerves
The chemical message
The nerve impulse enters the ______ fir relay to the olfactory centres in the cortex for interpretation
Thalamus
Olfactory sensors are extremely _____ and easily ______
Sensitive and
Fatigued
Taste receptors are ________ called ______
Chemoreceptors called gustatory cells
Taste receptors are located in
Taste buds
Gustatory cells are stimulated by
Chemicals dissolved in salivca
All taste buds have similar _____
Structure
Each taste bud responds to _________ taste sensations
One of five primary taste sensations
______ and _______ differ for each of the primary taste sensations
Adaptation and sensitivity
________ interferes w stimulation of olfactory recpetors
Nasal congestion
_____ and ______ senses work together
Gustatory and olfactory
facial and glossopharyngeal nerves carry impulses to ___ , ____ and ____
Medulla, thalamus and gustatory area of the cerebral cortex in the parietal lobe of the brain
The ear is responsible for
Hearing, equilibrium and balance
Receptors of the ear are
Mechanoreceptors
Three divisions of the ear
External, middle, inner
Divisions of the external ear
Auricle or pinna (visible portion)
External acoustic meatus (external auditory canal)
The external acoustic meatus ends at the _______ and contains +___________
Tympanic membrane
Contains ceruminous glands
The middle ear is
Tiny, epithelium lined cavity hollowed out of the temporal bone
Middle ear contains what three auditory ossicles
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Malleus is attached to
Inner surface of the tympanic membrane
Incus is attached to
The malleus and stapes
Stapes is attached to
Incus
Stapes fits into the ____
Oval window
The oval window is an _____
Opening into the inner ear
The auditory (eustachian) tube connects _______ to _______
Middle ear to the throat
Otitis media
Middle ear infection
What is the round window
Opening into the inner ear (covered by membrane)
THE INNER ear contains a ________ which surrounds a _______
Bony labyrinth
Membranous labyrunth
The bony labyrinth consists of what three structures
The vestibule and semicircular canals (balance)
Cochlea (involved with hearing)
The membranous labyrinth is ________ the bony labyrinth
Inside
The membranous labyrinth has what two membraneous sacs
Utricle and saccule
Two fluids of inner ear
Perilymph
Endolymph
Perilymph
Similar to CSF
Found within the bony labyrinth
Fills the space between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth
Endolymph
Inside membranous labyrinth
Clear potassium rich
Cochlear duct
Triangular shaped filled with endolymph
Lies within the cochlea
Divides the cochlea into the upper and lower section that are filled with perilymph
Contains the organ of corti
The hairs on organs of corti respond when
Bent by movement of surrounding endolymph set in motion by sound waves
Sense of hearing created by
Vibrations
Ability to hear sound depends on
Volume, putch and other acoustic properties
Sound wave must be of sufficient amplitude to move _______
And must have frequency capable of stimulating hair cells in _____
Tympanic membrane
Organ of corti
Pathway of sound waves is
External auditory canal tympanic membrane Tympanic vibrations move the malleus, which in turn moves the incus and then the stapes stapes moves against the oval window initiates the fluid conduction of sound waves in perilymphtransmitted through structures containing endolymph all the way to the organ of Corti cochlear nervebrainstem thalamus auditory area of the temporal lobe
the ________ is the only part of the inner ear involved with hearing
Cochlea
The _______ and ________ make up the vestibule and play an important role in equilibrium and balance and are called _________
Utricle and saccule
Otolith organs
The utricle and saccule are oriented ______ to each other and each contain a _______
Right angles
Macula
Maculae contain
Receptor hair cells covered by a gelatinous membrane that contain particle of calcium carbonate called otoliths
Movement of head causes
Otoliths to move, stimulating the vestibular nerve
The __________ is also involved with balance
Crista ampullaris
Cirsta ampullaris is located in the
Semicircular canals
Eahc crista is covered with hair cells called ____
Cupula
Movement of cupula stimulates
The vestibular nerve
What organ deals with static eq
Vestibule
Static eq relates to
Head position
Maintaining stability and possture when body isnt moving
Dynamic eq organ
Semicircular canals (crista ampullaris)
Dynamic eq interprets
Balance when moving
3 layers of eyeball
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
Sclera
Tough outer coat
White of eye
Cornea is transparent part of sclera over iris
Choroid
Pigmented vascular layer prevents scattering of light
Front part made of ciliart muscle and iris
Iris
Coloured part of the eye
Pupil
Hole in the center of the iris contraction
Retina
Innermost layer of the eye
Contains rods and cones
Rods
Receptors for night vision
Cones
Receptors for day and colour
Conjunctiva
Mucous membrane covering the front surface of the sclera and lining the eyelid
Conjunctiva kept most by tear found in
Lacrimal gland
Lens is what, and focus light rays on what
Transparent body behind the pupil, focuses light rays on the retina
2 eye fluids
Aqueous humor
Vitreous humor
Aqueous humor is where
In anterior chamber in front of the lens
Vitreous humor is where
Posterior chamber behind the lens
Visual pathway
Innermost later of retina, contains rods and cones
Impulse travels from the rods and cones through the bipolar and ganglionic layers of retina
Nerve impulses leaves the eye throught the optic nerve
Optic nerves is free of recpetors causing
Blind spot
Visual interpretation occurs in the
Visual cortex of the cerebrum
_____ and ________ are critical in vision
Size of pupil, shape of eye and lens
