Chapter 27 Part 2 Flashcards
2 main types of systems by which human blood can be classified are
ABO system
Rh system
ABO system
In this system, blood types are identified by ‘self’-antigens in the plasma membranes of RBCs. We are born with these self-antigens.
Antigen
substance that can activate various responses from the immune system, including the production of antibodies. Almost all substances that stimulate an immune system response are foreign proteins called ‘non-self’ antigens
Antibody
Substance made by the body in response to stimulation by an antigen. It will destroy or neutralize the antigen. Many react with their antigens by making them clump or stick together (agglutination).
4 blood types
A, B, AB and O
The letter of blood types stands for
The type of slef antigen in the plasma membrane of the individual RBCs
There are no atibodies in the blood that are
The same as the self antigen on the RBC
TYPE AB has which antibody and what antigen
Doesnt have A or B
Antigen a and B
Type B has what antibody and what antigen
Antibody A
B antigen
GRoup O ha swhat antibodies in plasma and what antigens in RBC
Anti A and B
No anitgens in RBC
Additional antigen
Rh antigen
Rh antigen make blood type
Positive or negative
Rh positive
Rh antigen is present in plasma membrane of RBC
RH negative
Rh antigen is not present in plasma membrane of RBC
Rh system
Follows the same principle of ABO system
Important to consider in blood transfusion
___% of us population is rh+
82%
No anti-Rh antibodies are
Naturally present in plasma
Anti Rh antibodies appear in the plasma of Rh negative people if
Rh-positive RBCs have been introduced into their bodies
matching appropriate blood types for blood transfusions is crucial in order to avoid
Agglutination
O- is
Universal donor
AB is
Universal recipient
Erythroblastosis fetalis commonly occurs when
Mother is Rh-
Father is Rh+
The baby inherits the fathers Rh+ trait
The mother carries a sceond Rh+ fetus
During pregnancy while erythroblastosis fetalis
the mixing of mother and baby’s blood doesn’t normally occur, but there are circumstances where this may happen; then, RBCs from the Rh+ unborn baby can cross into the mother’s Rh- blood through the placenta (this sould normally happen during delivery)
The mother’s immune system considers the baby’s Rh+ RBCs as a pathogen of sorts and so will make anti-Rh antibodies against them
These Anti-Rh antibodies may cross back through the placenta into the baby’s blood and destroy the baby’s circulating RBCs
erythroblastosis fetalis first born infants
First born infants (from first time pregnancies) are often not affected because it takes the mother some time to develop the Anti-Rh antibodies, but all babies she has afterwards who inherit the Rh+ trait from the father are at risk
Can be diagnosed and prevented by administration of a protein called RhoGAM which prevents the mother’s body from forming anti-Rh antibodies
When RBC are destroyed it can lead to
When RBCs are destroyed/broken down it can lead to severe anemia. In addition, a substance called bilirubin is released and causes a baby to ‘turn’ yellow – a condition known as jaundice
WBC generally function in
Defense/immunity
WBC categorized as
Granulocytes or agranulocytes
Granulocytes are
Granules in cytoplasm
Agranulocyts have
No granules in cytoplasm
Types of granular leukocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Types of non-granular or agranular leukocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Neutrophiles
Most numerous type of WBC (65%)
Very active phagocytosis against pathogens
Attracted to damaged cells at infection site by chemotaxis
Eosinophils
Weak phagocytes, abundant in mucus membranes
Protection against certain parasitic infections
Basophils
Scretes heparin
Secretes histamine
What is heparin
A strong anticoagulant
Histamine is released during
Inflammatory
Lymphocytes are ______ and ________WBCs
Smallest and 2nd most numerous
Lymphocytes make _____% of WBC
25%
B Lymphocytes produce
Antibodies
T lymphocytes directly
Attack foreign cells
Differential WBC count test
Gives the proportions of each type of WBC as a percentage of the total WBC count
Important information as not all disorders affect each type of WBC in the same way
1 mm3 (a drop) of normal blood usually contains 5000 to 9000 leukocytes, with different percentages for each type
WBC disorders than can be detected include:
Leukopenia
Leukocytosis leuko = white
Leukemia
Leukopenis
Low WBC count <5000/mm3
Leukocytosis
Abnormally high WBC count >10000/mm3
More common than leukopenia
Usually do to bacterial infection
Leukemia
WBC >100000/mm3
WBCs dont function properly
Blood cancer
Monocytes
Largest WBC
Mobile and highly phagocytic:
Aggressive phagocytes (due to size, can engulf larger pathogens and cancerous cells)
Macrophages (‘large eaters’) are specialized monocytes that grow to several times their original size after they migrate out of the blood
RBC and WBC are produced by what two types of tissue
Myeloid (red bone marrow)
Lymphatic tissue
Myloid tissue
Found mainly in adult sternum ribs and hip bones
Formas all types of blood cells, most lymphocytes and monocytes develop in lymphatic tissue
Lymphatic tissue
Found in lymph nodes,thymus and spleen
Forms lymphocytes and monocytes
Platelets are the same thing as
Thrombocytes
Average adult count of placelets
250000/mm3
Platelets have 3 important properties
Agglutination
Adhesiveness
Aggregration
Platelets play an essential role in blood clotting, which occurs throug hthe following steps
Injury to a blood vessel rough/damaged lining
Clotting factors released at the injury site produce prothrombin activator
Platelets become ‘sticky’ and accumulate at injury site soft, temporary ‘platelet plug’
Prothrombin activator and calcium convert prothrombin (a protein normally present in the blood) in to thrombin (a protein important to blood clotting)
Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen (a soluble blood protein), changing it into fibrin (looks like a tangle of threads)
Fibrin, traps RBC to form a clot
Vitakin K is responsible for
Coagulation
Process of. Vitamin k use
Stimulates liver cells to increase synthesis of prothrombin -> Faster production of thrombin -> Faster clot formation
Thrombus
Stationary blood clot - stays where formed
Thrombosis
Condition of having a thrombus
Embolus
Term used for a part of thrombus which dislodges and circulates through the bloodstream; may block a blood vessel
Embolism
Condition of having an embolus
Hemophilia
Characterized by an inability to form blood clots
X-linked inherited disorder (X recessive)
Affects 1/10,000 males
Failure to produce one or more of the plasma proteins involved in blood clotting
Can be life-threatening
Must be treated
