Chapter 7 Flashcards
Axial Skeleton
80 bones forming the body’s longitudinal axis.
Appendicular Skeleton
Bones supporting the limbs of the body.
Cranium
8 cranial bones enclosing the brain.
Facial Bones
14 bones supporting the face’s structure.
Auditory Ossicles
6 small bones in the middle ear.
Hyoid Bone
Supports the tongue; not attached to other bones.
Thoracic Cage
Consists of sternum and 24 ribs.
Vertebral Column
Composed of 24 vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx.
Functions of Axial Skeleton
Supports/protects organs; muscle attachment points.
Cranial Cavity
Space enclosed by cranial bones; contains brain.
Sutures
Immovable joints connecting skull bones.
Lambdoid Suture
Joins occipital and parietal bones.
Coronal Suture
Attaches frontal to parietal bones.
Sagittal Suture
Between the two parietal bones.
Squamous Suture
Connects temporal bones with parietal bones.
Cervical Vertebrae
7 vertebrae supporting the neck.
Thoracic Vertebrae
12 vertebrae connecting to ribs.
Lumbar Vertebrae
5 vertebrae supporting lower back.
Sacrum
1 bone formed by fused vertebrae.
Coccyx
1 bone, the tailbone, at spine’s end.
Maxillae
2 bones forming the upper jaw.
Mandible
1 bone forming the lower jaw.
Nasal Bones
2 bones forming the bridge of the nose.
Zygomatic Bones
2 bones forming the cheekbones.
Palatine Bones
2 bones forming the hard palate.
Inferior Nasal Conchae
2 bones increasing nasal cavity surface area.
Lacrimal Bones
2 small bones forming part of the eye socket.
Vomer
1 bone forming part of the nasal septum.
Paranasal Sinuses
Air-filled spaces reducing skull weight.
Orbital Complex
Bones forming the eye socket structure.
Nasal Complex
Bones surrounding the nasal cavity.
Foramina
Openings allowing nerves and vessels passage.
Fissures
Slits between bones for nerve passage.
Parietal Bone
Forms superior and lateral surfaces of cranium.
Sphenoid
Forms part of the cranial floor and unites bones.
Hypophyseal Fossa
Depression in sella turcica for pituitary gland.
Sphenoidal Sinus
Air-filled cavity within the sphenoid bone.
Frontal Bone
Forms anterior cranium and roof of eye sockets.
Frontal Sinuses
Air-filled spaces within the frontal bone.
Temporal Bone
Forms lateral walls of cranium and zygomatic arches.
Internal Acoustic Meatus
Passage for vestibulocochlear and facial nerves.
Nasal Bone
Forms bridge of the nose.
Ethmoid
Forms roof of nasal cavity and part of orbits.
Styloid Process
Attachment site for muscles and ligaments.
Crista Galli
Projection for attachment of brain membranes.
Cribriform Plate
Contains olfactory foramina for smell nerves.
Palatine Bone
Forms posterior part of hard palate.
Occipital Bone
Forms posterior and inferior surfaces of cranium.
Maxilla
Forms upper jaw and supports upper teeth.
Hypoglossal Canal
Passage for hypoglossal nerve beneath occipital bone.
Foramen Magnum
Opening connecting cranial cavity to vertebral canal.
Sagittal Section
Vertical plane dividing body into left and right.
Jugular Foramen
Passage for internal jugular vein and nerves.
Internal Jugular Vein
Drains blood from brain to heart.
Zygomatic Process
Articulates with zygomatic bone to form arch.
Mastoid Process
Attachment site for neck muscles, contains cells.
Alveolar Process
Supports upper teeth in maxilla.
Palatine bones
L-shaped bones forming hard palate’s posterior part.
Horizontal plate
Forms posterior part of hard palate.
Perpendicular plate
Extends from horizontal plate to orbital process.
Nasal bones
Support the bridge of the nose.
Inferior nasal conchae
Slow inhaled air and create turbulence.
Zygomatic bones
Contribute to orbits’ rims and lateral walls.
Temporal process
Forms zygomatic arch with temporal bone.
Zygomaticofacial foramen
Opening for sensory nerve of cheek.
Lacrimal bones
Smallest bones forming medial orbit walls.
Lacrimal sulcus
Location of lacrimal sac leading to canal.
Alveolar part
Supports lower teeth in the mandible.
Mental protuberance
Attachment point for facial muscles.
Condylar process
Articulates with temporal bone at joint.
Coronoid process
Insertion point for temporalis muscle.
Mental foramina
Openings for sensory nerves of chin.
Mandibular foramen
Entrance for nerves and vessels to teeth.
Hyoid bone
Supports larynx and attaches related muscles.
Greater horns
Support larynx and attach tongue muscles.
Orbital complex
Seven bones forming the eye sockets.
Nasal complex
Bones enclosing nasal cavities and sinuses.
Paranasal sinuses
Air-filled chambers connected to nasal cavities.
Maxillary sinus
Air-filled cavity within the maxilla.
Sphenoid bone
Forms base of the skull and orbits.
Ethmoid bone
Forms part of nasal cavity and orbits.
Frontal sinus
Air-filled cavity located in the forehead.
Ethmoidal sinus
Sinus located between the eyes.
Sphenoidal sinus
Sinus located behind the nose.
Vertebral column
Spine protecting the spinal cord.
Cervical vertebrae
Seven vertebrae supporting the neck.
Thoracic vertebrae
Twelve vertebrae articulating with ribs.
Lumbar vertebrae
Five vertebrae in the lower back.
Sacral curve
Primary curve accommodating abdominopelvic organs.
Coccygeal vertebrae
Small vertebrae forming the tailbone.
Primary curves
Curves present during fetal development.
Secondary curves
Curves developing after birth for balance.
Vertebral body
Weight-bearing part of each vertebra.
Vertebral arch
Forms the posterior margin of vertebral foramen.
Articular processes
Projections for vertebrae articulation.
Intervertebral discs
Fibrocartilage pads between vertebral bodies.
Vertebral canal
Encloses the spinal cord within vertebrae.
Spinous process
Posterior projection from the vertebral arch.
Transverse processes
Projections from where laminae join pedicles.
Intervertebral foramina
Gaps for nerve connections to spinal cord.
C1 (Atlas)
First cervical vertebra, lacks body.
C2 (Axis)
Second cervical vertebra, has dens.
Vertebra prominens
C7, transitions to thoracic vertebrae.
Costal facets
Articulate with rib heads on thoracic vertebrae.
Transverse costal facets
Articulate with rib tubercles on thoracic vertebrae.
Laminae
Form the roof of the vertebral arch.
Pedicles
Walls of the vertebral arch.
Vertebral foramen
Opening for the spinal cord.
Articular facets
Surfaces for joint formation between vertebrae.
Intervertebral foramen
Opening between vertebrae for nerve passage.
Transverse process
Lateral projections for muscle attachment.
Superior articular facet
Articulates with inferior facet of adjacent vertebra.
Inferior articular facet
Articulates with superior facet of lower vertebra.
Sacral canal
Passageway for nerves in the sacrum.
Median sacral crest
Ridge from fused spinous processes of sacrum.
Sacral hiatus
Opening for sacral nerve roots at sacrum’s end.
Auricular surface
Articulates with pelvic girdle at sacroiliac joint.
True ribs
Ribs 1-7, attach directly to sternum.
False ribs
Ribs 8-12, do not attach directly to sternum.
Floating ribs
Ribs 11-12, no connection to sternum.
Manubrium
Superior part of sternum, articulates with clavicles.
Sternal body
Middle part of sternum, attaches to ribs.
Xiphoid process
Smallest part of sternum, attaches to diaphragm.
Costal cartilages
Connect ribs to sternum, allow flexibility.
Thoracic cage
Skeleton of the chest, protects thoracic organs.
Transverse costal facet
Articular facet for rib tubercle on vertebra.
Pedicle
Short, thick processes connecting body to arch.
Lamina
Flat part of vertebral arch, forms roof.
Costal groove
Depression on rib for intercostal vessels.
