Chapter 6 Flashcards
Skeletal system Includes bones of the skeleton
cartilages
Functions of the skeletal system Support
storage of minerals and lipids
Classification of bones Bones are classified by shape and structure.
Sutural bones Small
flat
Irregular bones Have complex shapes; examples include spinal vertebrae and pelvic bones.
Short bones Boxlike in appearance; examples include carpal bones and tarsal bones.
Flat bones Thin with parallel surfaces; examples include bones of the skull roof
sternum
Long bones Long and slender; found in arms
forearm
Sesamoid bones Small and round; develop within tendons near joints of knees
hands
Bone markings Surface features including projections
joints
Foramen Rounded passageway for blood vessels and/or nerves.
Process Projection or bump on a bone.
Fissure Deep furrow
cleft
Ramus Part of a bone that forms an angle with the rest of the structure.
Meatus Passage or channel
especially the opening of a canal.
Head (bone) Expanded articular end of an epiphysis
often separated from the shaft by a narrower neck.
Trochanter Large
rough projection on a bone.
Crest Prominent ridge on a bone.
Spine (bone) Pointed process on a bone.
Neck (bone) Narrow connection between the epiphysis and diaphysis.
Facet Small
flat articular surface on a bone.
Sulcus Narrow groove on a bone.
Tuberosity Rough projection on a bone.
Fossa Shallow depression on a bone.
Condyle Smooth
rounded articular process on a bone.
Trochlea Smooth
grooved articular process shaped like a pulley.
Diaphysis Shaft of a long bone
wall of compact bone.
Medullary cavity Central space in a long bone
also known as the marrow cavity.
Epiphysis Wide part at each end of a long bone
mostly spongy bone.
Metaphysis Narrow zone that connects diaphysis and epiphysis.
Bone tissue Dense
supportive connective tissue containing specialized cells and extracellular matrix.
Osteogenic cells Stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts.
Osteoblasts Immature bone cells that secrete organic components of the matrix.
Osteocytes Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix.
Osteoclasts Multinucleate cells that secrete acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix.
Calcium phosphate Makes up almost two-thirds of bone mass
with the formula Ca3(PO4)2.
Canaliculi Cytoplasmic extensions for cell communication.
Osteolysis Erosion process of bone by osteoclasts.
Osteoporosis Condition of weakened bones due to excessive osteoclast activity.
Osteopetrosis Excessive bone density leading to weak bones.
Compact Bone Dense bone containing osteons for strength.
Spongy Bone Bone with trabeculae
supports and stores marrow.
Periosteum Outer membrane covering bones
aids growth and repair.
Endosteum Inner lining of medullary cavity
contains osteogenic cells.
Osteon Functional unit of compact bone
contains central canal.
Lamellae Layers of bone matrix surrounding central canal.
Trabeculae Supporting fibers in spongy bone
form mesh network.
Nutrient Artery Supplies blood to diaphysis of bones.
Metaphyseal Vessels Supply blood to epiphyseal cartilages for growth.
Calcification Deposition of calcium salts during ossification.
Endochondral Ossification Process where cartilage is replaced by bone.
Intramembranous Ossification Bone formation occurring in the dermis.
Interstitial Growth Growth in length of bones.
Appositional Growth Growth in width
thickening long bones.
Weight Training Stimulates osteoblasts
strengthens bones.
Vitamin D3 Essential for calcium absorption in intestines.
Vitamin C Required for collagen synthesis in bones.
Growth Hormone Stimulates overall bone growth.
Parathyroid Hormone Regulates calcium ion homeostasis in blood.
Calcitonin Hormone that lowers blood calcium levels.
Bone Remodeling Continuous process of bone formation and resorption.
Osteogenic Cells Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.
Calcium Homeostasis Regulation of calcium ion levels in the body.
Calcium Reserve Bones store 99% of the body’s calcium.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Hormone that increases blood calcium levels.
Calcium Ion Concentration Normal range is 8.5 to 10.2 mg/dL.
Fractures Cracks or breaks in bones from stress.
Open Fracture Fracture where bone pierces skin.
Closed Fracture Fracture without skin penetration.
Transverse Fracture Fracture that runs horizontally across bone.
Displaced Fracture Fracture where bone ends are misaligned.
Compression Fracture Fracture caused by bone being crushed.
Spiral Fracture Fracture caused by twisting force.
Epiphyseal Fracture Fracture at the growth plate.
Comminuted Fracture Fracture resulting in multiple bone pieces.
Greenstick Fracture Incomplete fracture common in children.
Colles Fracture Fracture of the distal radius.
Pott’s Fracture Fracture of the ankle involving both bones.
Fracture Hematoma Blood clot formed at fracture site.
Callus Formation Stabilization of fracture by new tissue.
Spongy Bone Formation Replacement of cartilage with spongy bone.
Compact Bone Formation Reinforcement of bone after fracture healing.
Osteopenia Inadequate ossification leading to reduced bone mass.
Cancer and Bone Loss Cancerous tissues stimulate osteoclast activity.
Calcium Absorption Intestinal uptake of calcium ions.
Calcium Excretion Kidney removal of calcium ions from blood.
