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Anatomy > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle, Cardiac muscle, Smooth muscle.

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2
Q

What is excitability in muscle cells?

A

Responsiveness of muscle cells.

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3
Q

What is contractility?

A

Ability of muscle cells to shorten.

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4
Q

What is extensibility?

A

Ability of muscle cells to stretch.

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5
Q

What is elasticity in muscle cells?

A

Ability of muscle cells to recoil.

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6
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle?

A

Producing movement, maintaining posture and body position, supporting soft tissues, guarding body entrances and exits, maintaining body temperature, storing nutrients.

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7
Q

What do skeletal muscles contain?

A

Skeletal muscle tissue (primarily), connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves.

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8
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

Layer of collagen fibers that surrounds the entire muscle, connected to deep fascia, separating muscle from surrounding tissues and organs.

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9
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

Divides the skeletal muscle into series of compartments, surrounds muscle fiber bundles (fascicles), contains collagen fibers, elastic fibers, blood vessels, and nerves.

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10
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

Surrounds individual muscle cells (muscle fibers), contains capillary networks, myosatellite cells, and nerve fibers.

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11
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Bundle formed by collagen fibers of epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium at the ends of muscles to attach skeletal muscles to bones.

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12
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Broad sheet formed by collagen fibers of epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium at the ends of muscles to attach skeletal muscles to bones.

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13
Q

What are skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Are enormous compared to other cells, contain hundreds of nuclei, develop by fusion of embryonic cells (myoblasts), and are known as striated muscle cells due to striations.

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14
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

Repeating functional units formed by the arrangement of thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments in skeletal muscle fibers.

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15
Q

What is a myosatellite cell?

A

Stem cell that helps repair damaged muscle tissue.

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16
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber that surrounds the sarcoplasm.

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17
Q

What is sarcoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber.

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18
Q

What is a myofibril?

A

Long contractile fibers within a muscle fiber responsible for muscle contraction.

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19
Q

What are transverse tubules (T tubules)?

A

Narrow tubes that are continuous with the sarcolemma and extend deep into the sarcoplasm, transmitting action potentials from sarcolemma into cell interior.

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20
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?

A

A tubular network surrounding each myofibril, specialized for storage and release of calcium ions.

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21
Q

What is a triad?

A

Formed by two terminal cisternae plus a T tubule.

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22
Q

What are thin filaments primarily composed of?

A

Actin (protein).

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23
Q

What are thick filaments primarily composed of?

A

Myosin (protein).

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24
Q

What are voluntary muscles?

A

Muscles that contract only when stimulated by the central nervous system.

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25
Q

How does the diaphragm function?

A

Usually works subconsciously.

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26
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

Organelles producing ATP through cellular respiration.

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27
Q

What is the role of troponin?

A

Protein regulating actin-myosin interaction.

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28
Q

What is the sliding-filament theory?

A

Theory explaining muscle contraction mechanism.

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29
Q

What is the zone of overlap?

A

Region where thick and thin filaments overlap.

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30
Q

What is an active site?

A

Binding site on G-actin for myosin.

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31
Q

What is F-actin?

A

Filamentous actin composed of G-actin subunits.

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32
Q

What is a motor neuron?

A

CNS neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle fibers.

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33
Q

What are action potentials?

A

Electrical impulses that trigger muscle contractions.

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34
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?

A

Site of communication between neuron and muscle fiber.

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35
Q

What is acetylcholine (ACh)?

A

Neurotransmitter released at the NMJ for muscle activation.

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36
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Process of neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft.

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37
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

Space between axon terminal and muscle fiber.

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38
Q

What are T tubules?

A

Extensions of sarcolemma penetrating muscle fiber.

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39
Q

What is cross-bridge formation?

A

Binding of myosin heads to exposed active sites on actin.

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40
Q

What is the power stroke?

A

Myosin head pivoting action that pulls actin filaments.

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41
Q

What is the contraction cycle?

A

Series of events enabling muscle contraction via cross-bridges.

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42
Q

What is myosin reactivation?

A

Process of myosin head re-cocking after ATP hydrolysis.

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43
Q

What is muscle tension?

A

Force generated by muscle contraction against resistance.

44
Q

What does the duration of contraction depend on?

A

Neural stimulus, calcium presence, and ATP.

45
Q

What triggers muscle contraction?

A

Calcium ion release by binding to troponin.

46
Q

What is active-site exposure?

A

Uncovering of actin sites for myosin binding.

47
Q

What is cross-bridge detachment?

A

Breaking of link between myosin and actin.

48
Q

What is a skeletal muscle fiber?

A

Striated muscle cells responsible for voluntary movement.

49
Q

What does AChE do?

A

Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine after muscle activation.

50
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Fluid component of the cytoplasm where reactions occur.

51
Q

What is sarcomere shortening?

A

Process where muscle fibers contract and shorten.

52
Q

What is ATP availability?

A

Essential for sustaining muscle contraction cycles.

53
Q

What is neural control?

A

Regulation of muscle contraction by motor neuron signals.

54
Q

What happens during skeletal muscle relaxation?

A

Occurs when calcium is reabsorbed and ACh is degraded.

55
Q

What are Ca2+ ions?

A

Calcium ions crucial for muscle contraction initiation.

56
Q

What are active sites?

A

Binding sites on actin for myosin attachment.

57
Q

What is tension production?

A

Force generated by muscle fibers during contraction.

58
Q

What is a myogram?

A

Graph depicting muscle tension over time.

59
Q

What is a twitch?

A

Single muscle contraction in response to stimulation.

60
Q

What is the latent period?

A

Time between stimulus and muscle contraction onset.

61
Q

What is the contraction phase?

A

Period when muscle tension increases and peaks.

62
Q

What is the relaxation phase?

A

Period when muscle tension decreases post-contraction.

63
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Motor neuron and all muscle fibers it controls.

64
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

Normal resting tension in muscles at rest.

65
Q

What is isotonic contraction?

A

Muscle changes length while producing tension.

66
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A

Muscle develops tension without changing length.

67
Q

What is the load-speed relationship?

A

Heavier loads slow down muscle contraction speed.

68
Q

What are elastic forces?

A

Tendons help return muscles to resting length.

69
Q

What is ATP?

A

Primary energy source for muscle contractions.

70
Q

What is creatine phosphate?

A

Energy reserve that recharges ADP to ATP.

71
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Anaerobic breakdown of glucose for ATP production.

72
Q

What is aerobic metabolism?

A

Oxygen-dependent ATP production in mitochondria.

73
Q

What is lactic acidosis?

A

Condition from increased lactate during intense activity.

74
Q

What is creatine kinase?

A

Enzyme that catalyzes ATP and creatine reactions.

75
Q

What is muscle relaxation?

A

Muscle returns to resting length post-contraction.

76
Q

What are energy reserves?

A

Stored ATP, glycogen, and creatine phosphate in muscles.

77
Q

What is sustained contraction?

A

Requires repeated stimuli for continuous muscle activity.

78
Q

What are opposing muscle contractions?

A

Muscles that help return a muscle to resting length.

79
Q

What is muscle fiber activity?

A

Energy required for regular muscle function.

80
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Primary energy source for resting muscle metabolism.

81
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Stored glucose for energy during muscle activity.

82
Q

What is pyruvate?

A

Product of glycolysis, converted to lactate under stress.

83
Q

What is lactate?

A

Produced from pyruvate during anaerobic conditions.

84
Q

What do hydrogen ions (H+) do?

A

Increase cytosolic acidity, inhibit muscle contraction.

85
Q

What is the recovery period?

A

Time for muscles to return to normal post-exertion.

86
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

Increased oxygen need after exercise for recovery.

87
Q

What is heat production in muscles?

A

Skeletal muscles release heat, maintaining body temperature.

88
Q

What does muscle performance depend on?

A

Depends on muscle fiber type and conditioning.

89
Q

What are fast fibers?

A

Contract quickly, fatigue rapidly, few mitochondria.

90
Q

What are slow fibers?

A

Contract slowly, high endurance, many mitochondria.

91
Q

What are intermediate fibers?

A

Mid-sized, fatigue slower than fast fibers.

92
Q

What is muscle hypertrophy?

A

Growth from training, increasing fiber diameter.

93
Q

What is muscle atrophy?

A

Reduction in muscle size due to inactivity.

94
Q

What is cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Striated tissue in the heart, involuntary contractions.

95
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

Connections between cardiac cells for synchronized contraction.

96
Q

What is smooth muscle tissue?

A

Non-striated, involuntary muscle in internal organs.

97
Q

What is excitation-contraction coupling?

A

Calcium triggers contraction in smooth muscle.

98
Q

What is plasticity in smooth muscle?

A

Smooth muscle’s ability to function over varied lengths.

99
Q

What is the Cori cycle?

A

Lactate conversion to glucose in the liver.

100
Q

What are muscle fiber types?

A

Fast, slow, and intermediate fibers vary in function.

101
Q

What is endurance?

A

Time an activity can be sustained effectively.

102
Q

What is force in muscle physiology?

A

Maximum tension produced by muscle fibers.

103
Q

What is aerobic endurance?

A

Sustained activity supported by oxygen and mitochondria.

104
Q

What is anaerobic endurance?

A

Short bursts of activity using fast fibers.

105
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

Oxygen-binding protein in slow muscle fibers.

106
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

Increase in fibrous tissue with aging.

Anatomy (15 decks)

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