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Anatomy > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Theory

A

Cells are fundamental units of life and function.

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of stable internal conditions in cells.

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3
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cell structure and function.

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4
Q

Sex Cells

A

Reproductive cells with one chromosome set.

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5
Q

Somatic Cells

A

All body cells except reproductive cells.

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6
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Barrier separating cytoplasm from extracellular fluid.

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7
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

Fluid between cells in tissues.

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8
Q

Physical Isolation

A

Cell membrane forms barrier to protect contents.

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9
Q

Selective Permeability

A

Regulates entry and exit of substances.

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10
Q

Cellular Receptors

A

Proteins detecting environmental changes.

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11
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Structural proteins providing cell shape and strength.

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12
Q

Microvilli

A

Projections increasing surface area for absorption.

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13
Q

Centrioles

A

Assist in cell division by forming spindle apparatus.

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14
Q

Cilia

A

Extensions moving fluids across cell surfaces.

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15
Q

Ribosomes

A

Sites of protein synthesis in cells.

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16
Q

Free Ribosomes

A

Ribosomes synthesizing proteins for cell use.

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17
Q

Fixed Ribosomes

A

Ribosomes attached to ER for secretion.

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18
Q

Proteasomes

A

Degrade damaged proteins into peptides.

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19
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Network of membranes for synthesis and transport.

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20
Q

Smooth ER

A

Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates, no ribosomes.

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21
Q

Rough ER

A

Has ribosomes; synthesizes proteins and glycoproteins.

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22
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Modifies and packages proteins for secretion.

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23
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digestive vesicles breaking down waste materials.

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24
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Break down fatty acids, producing hydrogen peroxide.

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25
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouses producing ATP through aerobic respiration.

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26
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center containing DNA and genetic information.

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27
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Double membrane surrounding the nucleus.

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28
Q

Nucleoli

A

Sites of ribosomal RNA synthesis within nucleus.

29
Q

Nucleosomes

A

DNA coiling around histone proteins for structure.

30
Q

Genetic Code

A

Sequence of nitrogenous bases encoding protein instructions.

31
Q

Genes

A

Functional DNA units coding for proteins.

32
Q

Triplet Code

A

Three-base sequence representing one amino acid.

33
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

Process of creating proteins from RNA.

34
Q

Transcription

A

Conversion of DNA into RNA.

35
Q

Translation

A

Conversion of RNA into proteins.

36
Q

Permeability

A

Determines material movement across a membrane.

37
Q

Impermeable Membrane

A

Allows no materials to pass through.

38
Q

Freely Permeable Membrane

A

Allows all materials to pass through.

39
Q

Selectively Permeable Membrane

A

Allows some materials to pass, restricts others.

40
Q

Active Transport

A

Requires energy (ATP) to move substances.

41
Q

Passive Transport

A

No energy required for substance movement.

42
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

43
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

Difference in solute concentration across a space.

44
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Direct movement of lipid-soluble compounds.

45
Q

Channel-Mediated Diffusion

A

Movement of water-soluble compounds through channels.

46
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across a membrane.

47
Q

Tonicity

A

Effect of solute concentration on cell volume.

48
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

No net movement of water in/out of a cell.

49
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

Causes cell to lose water and shrink.

50
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

Causes cell to gain water and potentially rupture.

51
Q

Carrier-Mediated Transport

A

Transport proteins move specific substances across membranes.

52
Q

Cotransport

A

Simultaneous transport of two substances in same direction.

53
Q

Countertransport

A

Transport of one substance in while another exits.

54
Q

Active Transport Proteins

A

Move ions against concentration gradients using ATP.

55
Q

Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump

A

Moves 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ into cells.

56
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

Bulk transport of substances using vesicles.

57
Q

Endocytosis

A

Process of taking substances into the cell.

58
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking; uptake of extracellular fluid.

59
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating; engulfing large particles.

60
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process of expelling substances from the cell.

61
Q

Cell Life Cycle

A

Sequence of events from one cell division to another.

62
Q

Interphase

A

Phase where cells spend most time working.

63
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of the nucleus into two nuclei.

64
Q

Prophase

A

First stage of mitosis; chromosomes condense.

65
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.

66
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles.

67
Q

Telophase

A

Nuclear membranes reform around separated chromosomes.

68
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm into two daughter cells.

Anatomy (15 decks)

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