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Anatomy > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest brain part, controls higher mental functions.

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2
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates motor patterns, maintains balance.

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3
Q

Diencephalon

A

Central brain region, includes thalamus and hypothalamus.

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4
Q

Brainstem

A

Connects spinal cord to cerebrum and cerebellum.

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5
Q

Gyri

A

Bulges of brain tissue increasing surface area.

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6
Q

Sulci

A

Deep fissures separating gyri in the brain.

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7
Q

Thalamus

A

Relays and processes sensory information.

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8
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulates hormones, body temperature, and hunger.

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9
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Master endocrine gland controlling other glands.

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10
Q

Midbrain

A

Processes vision, hearing, and motor movement.

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11
Q

Pons

A

Connects cerebellum to brainstem, handles unconscious processes.

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12
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Regulates autonomic functions like heart rate and digestion.

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13
Q

Cranial meninges

A

Three protective layers surrounding the brain.

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14
Q

Dura mater

A

Outer layer of cranial meninges, tough and thick.

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15
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Middle layer, spiderweb-like, contains cerebrospinal fluid.

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16
Q

Pia mater

A

Inner layer of meninges, delicate and thin.

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17
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Cushions brain, circulates between meninges.

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18
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Protective barrier preventing harmful substances entry.

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19
Q

Fissures

A

Deep grooves separating major brain regions.

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20
Q

Cerebellar cortex

A

Outer layer of cerebellum, composed of gray matter.

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21
Q

Subthalamus

A

Involved in movement modulation.

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22
Q

Epithalamus

A

Regulates circadian rhythms.

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23
Q

Dural venous sinuses

A

Drainage system for blood and cerebrospinal fluid.

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24
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Area between arachnoid and pia mater, contains CSF.

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25
Q

Cranial reflexes

A

Automatic responses to specific stimuli.

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26
Q

Limbic system

A

Involved in emotions and memory processing.

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27
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Measures brain waves, indicates electrical activity.

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28
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Clear fluid that cushions and supports the brain.

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29
Q

Blood brain barrier (BBB)

A

Selective barrier protecting CNS from blood circulation.

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30
Q

Cerebrovascular diseases

A

Disorders affecting blood supply to the brain.

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31
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

Stroke caused by interrupted blood flow to the brain.

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32
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Nerves relaying signals between brain and body.

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33
Q

Purkinje cells

A

Large neurons in cerebellum, receive extensive input.

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34
Q

Arbor vitae

A

White matter structure in the cerebellum.

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35
Q

Cerebellar peduncles

A

Tracts linking cerebellum with brainstem and spinal cord.

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36
Q

Ataxia

A

Muscular coordination disturbance causing unsteady movements.

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37
Q

Astrocytes

A

Support cells regulating blood-brain barrier function.

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38
Q

Internal carotid arteries

A

Major arteries supplying blood to the brain.

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39
Q

Vertebral arteries

A

Arteries delivering blood to the posterior brain.

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40
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

Nerve bundles connecting cerebrum to brainstem.

41
Q

Respiratory rhythmicity centers

A

Nuclei in medulla controlling breathing patterns.

42
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

A

Cranial nerve VIII for hearing and balance.

43
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

A

Cranial nerve IX involved in taste and swallowing.

44
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

Cranial nerve X regulating autonomic functions.

45
Q

Accessory Nerve

A

Cranial nerve XI controlling neck and shoulder muscles.

46
Q

Hypoglossal Nerve

A

Cranial nerve XII controlling tongue movements.

47
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone; reduces urine production.

48
Q

Body Temperature Regulation

A

Hypothalamus maintains optimal body temperature.

49
Q

Autonomic Function Control

A

Regulates involuntary body functions.

50
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

Regulates sleep-wake cycles.

51
Q

Feeding Center

A

Hypothalamus area that triggers hunger.

52
Q

Thirst Center

A

Hypothalamus area that triggers thirst.

53
Q

Limbic System

A

Emotional brain linking emotions and memory.

54
Q

Amygdala

A

Processes emotions and links to memories.

55
Q

Hippocampus

A

Involved in memory formation and learning.

56
Q

Cingulate Gyrus

A

Regulates emotional response to pain.

57
Q

Gray Matter

A

Contains neuronal cell bodies in brain.

58
Q

White Matter

A

Composed of myelinated axons in brain.

59
Q

Central Sulcus

A

Divides frontal and parietal lobes.

60
Q

Precentral Gyrus

A

Primary motor cortex located here.

61
Q

Postcentral Gyrus

A

Primary somatosensory cortex located here.

62
Q

Lateral Sulcus

A

Separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe.

63
Q

Basal Nuclei

A

Gray matter masses controlling subconscious activities.

64
Q

Motor Areas

A

Regions controlling voluntary muscle movements.

65
Q

Sensory Areas

A

Regions processing sensory information.

66
Q

Visual Cortex

A

Processes visual information in occipital lobe.

67
Q

Auditory Cortex

A

Processes auditory information in temporal lobe.

68
Q

Olfactory Cortex

A

Processes smell information in temporal lobe.

69
Q

Gustatory Cortex

A

Processes taste information in insula and frontal lobe.

70
Q

Association Areas

A

Integrate sensory and motor information.

71
Q

Somatosensory Association Cortex

A

Coordinates learned movements and sensory information.

72
Q

Integrative centers

A

Receive information from many association areas and direct extremely complex motor activities.

73
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Language comprehension, primarily associated with left cerebral hemisphere, receives information from sensory association areas, coordinates access to visual and auditory memories.

74
Q

Broca’s area

A

Motor speech area primarily associated with left cerebral hemisphere, regulates patterns of breathing and vocalization.

75
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Coordinates information relayed from all cortical association areas, processes moment-to-moment input from surroundings, compares that input to past experiences, and performs abstract intellectual functions.

76
Q

Hemispheric lateralization

A

Functional differences between left and right cerebral hemispheres, each performs certain functions that are not ordinarily performed by the opposite hemisphere.

77
Q

Left cerebral hemisphere

A

Responsible for reading, writing, math, speech, language, and decision making.

78
Q

Right cerebral hemisphere

A

Analyzes sensory information such as touch, smell, sight, taste, and recognition of faces and voice inflections.

79
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Peripheral Nervous System components, 12 pairs connected to the brain, classified by primary functions.

80
Q

Primarily sensory cranial nerves

A

Carriers of somatic sensory information including touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain.

81
Q

Special sensory cranial nerves

A

Carriers of sensations such as smell, sight, hearing, and balance.

82
Q

Motor cranial nerves

A

Axons of somatic motor neurons.

83
Q

Mixed cranial nerves

A

Contain both sensory and motor fibers.

84
Q

Olfactory nerve (I)

A

Primary function: Special sensory (smell), origin: receptors of olfactory epithelium covering the roof of the nasal cavity.

85
Q

Optic nerve (II)

A

Primary function: Special sensory (vision), origin: retina of eye.

86
Q

Oculomotor nerve (III)

A

Primary function: Motor (eye movements), controls four of six eye-movement muscles.

87
Q

Trochlear nerve (IV)

A

Primary function: Motor (eye movements), controls superior oblique muscle.

88
Q

Trigeminal nerve (V)

A

Primary function: Mixed (sensory and motor) of face.

89
Q

Facial nerve (VII)

A

Primary function: Mixed (sensory and motor) of face, includes taste receptors on anterior two-thirds of tongue.

90
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

A

Primary function: Special sensory, carries information from the inner ear to the brain.

91
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

A

Primary function: Mixed (sensory and motor) of mouth and throat.

92
Q

Vagus nerve (X)

A

Primary function: Mixed (sensory and motor), widely distributed in thorax and abdomen.

93
Q

Accessory nerve (XI)

A

Primary function: Motor to muscles of neck and upper back.

94
Q

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

A

Primary function: Motor (tongue movements).

95
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

Cranial nerve disorder resulting from inflammation of facial nerve, likely due to viral infection.

96
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia

A

Pain condition affecting the trigeminal nerve.

97
Q

Olfactory bulbs

A

Neural mass that receives information from olfactory receptors and sends it to the brain for processing.

98
Q

Optic chiasm

A

Where optic nerves converge, allowing some fibers to cross to the opposite side of the brain.

99
Q

Olfactory tracts

A

Axons of postsynaptic neurons that carry information from the olfactory bulbs to the olfactory cortex of the cerebrum.

Anatomy (15 decks)

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