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Anatomy > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

A group of cells that have similar structure and function together as a unit = form organs

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2
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

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3
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, and forms glands

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4
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Fills internal spaces, provides structural support for other tissues, transports materials within the body, and stores energy

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5
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Specialized for contraction, including skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

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6
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Carries information from one part of the body to another in the form of electrical impulses

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7
Q

Epithelia

A

Layers of cells covering internal or external surfaces

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8
Q

Glands

A

Structures that produce fluid secretions

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9
Q

Physical Protection

A

One of the essential functions of epithelial tissue, protecting from abrasion and destruction by chemical/biological agents

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10
Q

Control Permeability

A

Any substance that enters or leaves the body must cross an epithelium

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11
Q

Provide Sensation

A

Epithelial tissue is sensitive to stimulation because it has a large sensory nervous supply

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12
Q

Produce Specialized Secretions

A

Epithelial tissue produces secretions, also known as glands

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13
Q

Polarity

A

Presence of structural and functional differences between the exposed surface (apical) and attached surface (basal)

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14
Q

Cellularity

A

Interconnections that bind epithelial cells closely together

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15
Q

Attachment

A

Epithelial cells adhere to the basal surface and underlying tissues to establish cell border and resist stretching

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16
Q

Avascularity

A

Epithelial tissue lacks blood supply; nutrients are obtained by diffusion or absorption

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17
Q

Regeneration

A

Epithelial tissue is continuously replaced through stem cell division, with a higher rate of cell division than other tissues

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18
Q

Apical Surface

A

The part of the epithelial cell exposed to an internal or external environment

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19
Q

Basolateral Surface

A

The base (basal surface) where the cell attaches to underlying cells and the sides (lateral surfaces) where the cell contacts its neighbors

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20
Q

Intercellular Connections

A

Support and communication between epithelial cells

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21
Q

Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)

A

Transmembrane proteins that bind epithelial plasma membranes to each other and to extracellular materials

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22
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Allow rapid communication and passageway for small molecules and ions to pass from cell to cell

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23
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Encircle the apical regions of epithelial cells, acting as a barrier to maintain structure and permeability

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24
Q

Desmosomes

A

Provide anchorage sites for intermediate filaments and maintain tissue architecture

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25
Q

Basement Membrane

A

A two-part structure that epithelial cells must attach to, consisting of basal lamina and reticular lamina

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26
Q

Basal Lamina

A

Restricts movement of proteins and other large molecules from the underlying connective tissue to the epithelium

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27
Q

Reticular Lamina

A

The deeper portion of the basement membrane that provides strength and acts as a filter

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28
Q

Classification of Epithelia

A

Based on shape: Squamous (thin and flat), Cuboidal (square shaped), Columnar (tall, slender); based on layers: Simple (single layer), Stratified (several layers)

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29
Q

Squamous

A

Thin and flat - like scales

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30
Q

Cuboidal

A

Square shaped - little boxes

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31
Q

Columnar

A

Tall, slender rectangles

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32
Q

Simple epithelium

A

Single layer of cells

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33
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

Several layers of cells

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34
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Body’s most delicate type of epithelium, located where absorption or diffusion takes place or slick surface reduces friction

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35
Q

Mesothelium

A

Lines body cavities: enclosing lungs, heart, abdominal organs

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36
Q

Endothelium

A

Inner surface of heart and all blood vessels

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37
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Located where mechanical stresses are severe, such as the surface of skin, lining of the mouth, esophagus

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38
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Secretion and absorption found in glands and portions of kidney tubules

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39
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Located in ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands

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40
Q

Transitional epithelia

A

Unusual stratified epithelium because it can change between being squamous and cuboidal in shape

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41
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Absorption and secretion found in stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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42
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Appears to be layered or stratified, typically have cilia, found in nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi

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43
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

Provides protection in pharynx, anus, urethra

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44
Q

Glandular epithelia

A

Epithelia that contain gland cells

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45
Q

Gland

A

Organ that makes substances such as hormones, digestive juices, sweat, tears, saliva, milk

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46
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Release substances that enter bloodstream, have no ducts

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47
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Release substances into a duct that opens onto an epithelial surface

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48
Q

Unicellular glands

A

Individual secretory cells called goblet cells found in epithelia of large and small intestines

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49
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands

A

Classified by structure of the duct, shape of secretory portion, and relationship between ducts and glandular areas

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50
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

Released by secretory vesicles (exocytosis), vesicle formed in the cell fuses with and becomes part of the plasma membrane

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51
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

Released by shedding cytoplasm

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52
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Method of secretion involving the entire cell

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53
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Example of holocrine secretion in skin.

54
Q

Serous glands

A

Produce watery secretions, e.g., parotid glands.

55
Q

Mucous glands

A

Secrete mucins, e.g., sublingual glands.

56
Q

Mixed exocrine glands

A

Produce both serous and mucous secretions.

57
Q

Connective tissue

A

Supports, connects, and protects body structures.

58
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Composed of fibers and ground substance.

59
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Most abundant cells in connective tissue proper.

60
Q

Adipocytes

A

Fat cells storing large fat droplets.

61
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytic cells engulfing pathogens and debris.

62
Q

Mast cells

A

Release histamine and heparin during inflammation.

63
Q

Lymphocytes

A

White blood cells producing antibodies.

64
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Strong fibers resisting force in one direction.

65
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Branched fibers returning to original length.

66
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Form networks stabilizing blood vessels and nerves.

67
Q

Ground substance

A

Viscous fluid filling spaces in connective tissue.

68
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Fills spaces, cushions organs, supports epithelia.

69
Q

Areolar tissue

A

Beneath skin, allows movement and supports organs.

70
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Stores energy, insulates, and cushions organs.

71
Q

White fat

A

Common fat type, stores energy and insulates.

72
Q

Brown fat

A

Found in infants, generates heat via metabolism.

73
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

Stem cells differentiating into various connective cells.

74
Q

Microphages

A

Small phagocytic blood cells responding to signals.

75
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells replacing lost tissue.

76
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

Connects and protects; includes loose and dense types.

77
Q

Fluid connective tissues

A

Transport substances, e.g., blood and lymph.

78
Q

Supporting connective tissues

A

Provide structural strength, e.g., cartilage and bone.

79
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Connective tissue storing energy and insulating body.

80
Q

Reticular Tissue

A

Connective tissue providing a 3D framework for organs.

81
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

Thin fibers forming a supportive network in tissues.

82
Q

Dense Connective Tissue

A

Tissue with high collagen fiber density for strength.

83
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

Tightly packed collagen fibers aligned in one direction.

84
Q

Tendons

A

Connective tissue attaching muscles to bones.

85
Q

Ligaments

A

Connective tissue connecting bones to other bones.

86
Q

Aponeuroses

A

Broad, flat tendinous sheets connecting muscles.

87
Q

Elastic Tissue

A

Dense tissue with elastic fibers for flexibility.

88
Q

Elastic Ligaments

A

Ligaments allowing expansion and contraction of organs.

89
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A

Collagen fibers arranged in multiple directions for strength.

90
Q

Fasciae

A

Connective tissue layers supporting and surrounding organs.

91
Q

Superficial Fascia

A

Layer separating skin from underlying tissues.

92
Q

Deep Fascia

A

Dense connective tissue forming internal frameworks.

93
Q

Subserous Fascia

A

Tissue between serous membranes and deep fascia.

94
Q

Blood

A

Fluid connective tissue transporting cells and materials.

95
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid matrix of blood containing dissolved substances.

96
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells transporting oxygen in blood.

97
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells defending against infections.

98
Q

Platelets

A

Cell fragments aiding in blood clotting.

99
Q

Lymph

A

Colorless fluid containing white blood cells.

100
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Cartilage cells located in lacunae.

101
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Most common cartilage reducing friction between bones.

102
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Flexible cartilage found in ear and epiglottis.

103
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Cartilage providing tough support and shock absorption.

104
Q

Avascular

A

Describes tissues with poor blood supply and healing.

105
Q

Stroma

A

Supporting framework of reticular tissue.

106
Q

Matrix

A

Extracellular material providing structure to tissues.

107
Q

Bone (Osseous Tissue)

A

Calcified matrix providing strength and structure.

108
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone cells located in lacunae within the matrix.

109
Q

Canaliculi

A

Small channels for material exchange in bone.

110
Q

Periosteum

A

Covers bone with fibrous and cellular layers.

111
Q

Tissue Membranes

A

Physical barriers lining or covering body surfaces.

112
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

Line passages with external connections; must stay moist.

113
Q

Serous Membranes

A

Line cavities not open to the outside; reduce friction.

114
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

Skin; thick, waterproof, and dry covering the body.

115
Q

Synovial Membranes

A

Line joint cavities and produce synovial fluid.

116
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

Striated, voluntary muscle responsible for body movement.

117
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

Striated, involuntary muscle found only in the heart.

118
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

Nonstriated, involuntary muscle in hollow organs.

119
Q

Neurons

A

Cells specialized for conducting electrical impulses.

120
Q

Neuroglia

A

Supporting cells that maintain and repair nervous tissue.

121
Q

Dendrites

A

Short branches receiving signals in a neuron.

122
Q

Axon

A

Long extension carrying outgoing signals from neuron.

123
Q

Inflammation

A

Initial tissue response characterized by swelling and pain.

124
Q

Fibrous Matrix

A

Dense connective tissue providing support in fibrocartilage.

125
Q

Striations

A

Banding pattern in skeletal and cardiac muscle.

126
Q

Pacemaker Cells

A

Regulate heart contractions in cardiac muscle.

127
Q

Intercalated Discs

A

Connect cardiac muscle cells for synchronized contraction.

128
Q

Myosatellite Cells

A

Stem cells that repair skeletal muscle fibers.

129
Q

Serous Fluid

A

Reduces friction between serous membranes.

130
Q

Epithelial Surfaces

A

Moist surfaces in mucous membranes for absorption.

Anatomy (15 decks)

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