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Anatomy > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord; main processing center.

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Cranial and spinal nerves; sensory and motor pathways.

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3
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Nervous tissue organ; connects brain to body.

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4
Q

Meninges

A

Three protective membranes surrounding CNS.

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5
Q

Gray Matter

A

Contains neuronal cell bodies; processes information.

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6
Q

White Matter

A

Composed of myelinated axons; transmits information.

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7
Q

Cervical Enlargement

A

Wider spinal cord region; supplies upper limbs.

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8
Q

Lumbosacral Enlargement

A

Wider spinal cord region; supplies lower limbs.

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9
Q

Conus Medullaris

A

Tapered end of spinal cord; below lumbar enlargement.

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10
Q

Cauda Equina

A

Nerve roots extending below conus medullaris.

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11
Q

Filum Terminale

A

Fibrous tissue; anchors spinal cord to coccyx.

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12
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

31 pairs; mixed nerves from spinal cord.

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13
Q

Anterior Root

A

Contains axons of motor neurons.

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14
Q

Posterior Root

A

Contains axons of sensory neurons.

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15
Q

Spinal Ganglia

A

Contains sensory neuron cell bodies.

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16
Q

Rami

A

Branches of spinal nerves; supply body regions.

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17
Q

Sensory Input

A

Information received by sensory receptors.

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18
Q

Motor Output

A

Commands sent to effectors like muscles.

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19
Q

Reflex Centers

A

Locations in spinal cord for reflex actions.

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20
Q

Neural Reflex

A

Automatic response to stimuli; involves spinal cord.

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21
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

Fluid in central canal; protects and nourishes CNS.

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22
Q

Spinal Nerve Classification

A

Mixed nerves; contain afferent and efferent fibers.

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23
Q

Posterior Ramus

A

Supplies skin and muscles of the back.

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24
Q

Anterior Ramus

A

Supplies body wall, skin, and limbs.

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25
Q

Spinal Nerve Naming

A

Designated by vertebral region and number.

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26
Q

31 Spinal Segments

A

Each gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves.

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27
Q

Anterior Median Fissure

A

Deeper groove on anterior side of spinal cord.

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28
Q

Posterior Median Sulcus

A

Shallow groove on posterior side of spinal cord.

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29
Q

Cervical Region

A

Uppermost spinal cord segment; includes C1-C8.

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30
Q

Thoracic Region

A

Middle spinal segment; includes T1-T12.

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31
Q

Lumbar Region

A

Lower spinal segment; includes L1-L5.

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32
Q

Sacral Region

A

Includes S1-S5 spinal nerves.

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33
Q

Coccygeal Nerve

A

Single nerve; designated Co1.

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34
Q

Dura Mater

A

Outermost meningeal layer; tough and fibrous.

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35
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Middle layer; contains cerebrospinal fluid.

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36
Q

Pia Mater

A

Innermost layer; adheres to spinal cord.

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37
Q

Epineurium

A

Outermost layer surrounding spinal nerves.

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38
Q

Perineurium

A

Middle layer; surrounds nerve fascicles.

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39
Q

Endoneurium

A

Innermost layer; surrounds individual axons.

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40
Q

Dermatome

A

Skin area supplied by single spinal nerve.

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41
Q

Nerve Plexus

A

Network of interwoven nerve fibers.

42
Q

Cervical Plexus

A

Innervates neck muscles and diaphragm.

43
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

Innervates upper limbs and pectoral girdle.

44
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A

Supplies lower abdominal and pelvic regions.

45
Q

Sacral Plexus

A

Innervates pelvic organs and lower limbs.

46
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

Contains cerebrospinal fluid; between arachnoid and pia.

47
Q

Spinal Ganglion

A

Cluster of sensory neuron cell bodies.

48
Q

Axillary Nerve

A

Innervates deltoid and teres minor muscles.

49
Q

Musculocutaneous Nerve

A

Innervates arm flexors; sensory from lateral forearm.

50
Q

Radial Nerve

A

Innervates extensor muscles of arm and forearm.

51
Q

Ulnar Nerve

A

Innervates flexor carpi ulnaris; sensory from hand.

52
Q

Median Nerve

A

Innervates forearm flexors; passes through carpal tunnel.

53
Q

Lumbosacral Plexus

A

Innervates pelvic girdle and lower limbs.

54
Q

Femoral Nerve

A

Innervates quadriceps; sensory from anterior thigh.

55
Q

Obturator Nerve

A

Innervates adductor muscles; sensory from medial thigh.

56
Q

Sciatic Nerve

A

Largest nerve; splits into tibial and fibular nerves.

57
Q

Iliohypogastric Nerve

A

Innervates abdominal muscles; sensory from lower abdomen.

58
Q

Ilio-inguinal Nerve

A

Innervates abdominal muscles; sensory from groin area.

59
Q

Genitofemoral Nerve

A

Sensory from anteromedial thigh and genitalia.

60
Q

Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve

A

Sensory from lateral thigh; L2-L3 roots.

61
Q

Superior Gluteal Nerve

A

Innervates gluteus medius and minimus muscles.

62
Q

Inferior Gluteal Nerve

A

Innervates gluteus maximus muscle.

63
Q

Pudendal Nerve

A

Innervates perineum; sensory from external genitalia.

64
Q

Phrenic Nerve

A

Controls diaphragm; arises from C3-C5.

65
Q

Dorsal Scapular Nerve

A

Innervates rhomboids and levator scapulae.

66
Q

Long Thoracic Nerve

A

Innervates serratus anterior muscle.

67
Q

Thoracodorsal Nerve

A

Innervates latissimus dorsi muscle.

68
Q

Suprascapular Nerve

A

Innervates supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles.

69
Q

Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve

A

Sensory from skin over forearm’s medial surface.

70
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A

Median nerve compression; causes sensory changes.

71
Q

Spinal Nerve Segments

A

C1-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5, S1-S5.

72
Q

Ansa Cervicalis

A

Innervates extrinsic laryngeal muscles via CN XII.

73
Q

Cervical Plexus Nerves

A

Includes lesser occipital, great auricular, transverse cervical.

74
Q

Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve

A

Supplies skin over perineum and posterior thigh.

75
Q

Saphenous Nerve

A

Supplies sensory innervation to the foot.

76
Q

Sural Nerve

A

Provides sensory innervation to the posterior leg.

77
Q

Fibular Nerve

A

Divides into superficial and deep fibular nerves.

78
Q

Tibial Nerve

A

Innervates muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg.

79
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Bring information into the CNS; about 10 million.

80
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Send commands from CNS to effectors; about 0.5 million.

81
Q

Interneurons

A

Coordinate signals within the CNS; about 20 billion.

82
Q

Reflexes

A

Automatic responses triggered by specific stimuli.

83
Q

Spinal Reflexes

A

Controlled by spinal cord without brain input.

84
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Neural pathway acting on impulse before brain processing.

85
Q

Components of Reflex Arc

A

Includes sensory receptor, neuron, CNS processing, motor neuron, effector.

86
Q

Monosynaptic Reflex

A

Simplest reflex arc with one synapse.

87
Q

Polysynaptic Reflex

A

Involves one or more interneurons; slower response.

88
Q

Innate Reflexes

A

Genetically programmed reflexes formed before birth.

89
Q

Acquired Reflexes

A

Learned motor patterns enhanced by repetition.

90
Q

Somatic Reflexes

A

Control skeletal muscle contractions; include stretch reflexes.

91
Q

Visceral Reflexes

A

Control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands.

92
Q

Stretch Reflex

A

Regulates muscle length; example: patellar reflex.

93
Q

Withdrawal Reflex

A

Moves body part away from painful stimulus.

94
Q

Reciprocal Inhibition

A

Inhibits antagonistic muscles during reflex actions.

95
Q

Ipsilateral Reflex Arc

A

Occurs on same side as stimulus.

96
Q

Crossed Extensor Reflex

A

Straightens opposite limb during flexor reflex.

97
Q

Plantar Reflex

A

Toe-curling response; normal in adults.

98
Q

Babinski Reflex

A

Toe extension in infants; indicates CNS damage in adults.

99
Q

Hyporeflexia

A

Decreased reflex response; linked to PNS disorders.

100
Q

Hyperreflexia

A

Increased reflex response; associated with CNS disorders.

Anatomy (15 decks)

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