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Anatomy > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Fascicles

A

Bundles of skeletal muscle fibers.

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2
Q

Parallel Muscles

A

Fascicles run parallel to muscle’s long axis.

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3
Q

Convergent Muscles

A

Fibers spread like a fan to a single point.

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4
Q

Pennate Muscles

A

Fibers pull at an angle to the tendon.

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5
Q

Circular Muscles

A

Muscles that surround body openings.

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6
Q

First-Class Lever

A

Fulcrum between applied force and load.

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7
Q

Second-Class Lever

A

Load lies between applied force and fulcrum.

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8
Q

Third-Class Lever

A

Applied force is between load and fulcrum.

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9
Q

Origin

A

Fixed attachment point of a muscle.

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10
Q

Insertion

A

Movable attachment point of a muscle.

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11
Q

Agonist

A

Muscle primarily responsible for movement.

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12
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscle opposing the action of an agonist.

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13
Q

Synergist

A

Muscle assisting a larger agonist.

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14
Q

Fixator

A

Synergist preventing movement at another joint.

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15
Q

Flexion

A

Decreasing the angle between two body parts.

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16
Q

Extension

A

Increasing the angle between two body parts.

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17
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the body’s midline.

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18
Q

Adduction

A

Movement toward the body’s midline.

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19
Q

Medial Rotation

A

Turning a body part toward the midline.

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20
Q

Lateral Rotation

A

Turning a body part away from the midline.

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21
Q

Myofibrils

A

Contractile units within muscle fibers.

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22
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Flat tendon connecting muscle to bone.

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23
Q

Raphe

A

Slender band of collagen fibers.

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24
Q

Tension

A

Force generated during muscle contraction.

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25
Q

Innervation

A

Nerve supply to a muscle.

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26
Q

Skeletal Muscles

A

Muscles attached to bones for movement.

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27
Q

Muscle Interaction

A

Coordinated action of muscles for movement.

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28
Q

Functional Relationship

A

Interaction between muscular and other body systems.

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29
Q

Exercise Effects

A

Responses of body systems to physical activity.

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30
Q

Teres Minor

A

Has lines of action that cross the posterior aspect of the shoulder joint and produces lateral rotation at the shoulder.

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31
Q

Subscapularis

A

Crosses on the anterior side of the shoulder joint and rotates the shoulder medially when it contracts.

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32
Q

Region of the body

A

Terms indicating specific regions include abdominal (abdomen), ancon (elbow), auricular (ear), brachial (arm), capitis (head), carpi (wrist), cervicis (neck), coccygeal (coccyx), costal (rib), cutaneous (skin), femoris (thigh), glossal (tongue), hallux (great toe), ilium (groin), inguinal (groin), lumbar (lumbar region), nasalis (nose), nuchal (back of neck), ocular (eye), oris (mouth), palpebra (eyelid), pollex (thumb), popliteal (posterior to knee), psoas (loin), radial (forearm), scapular (scapula), temporal (temple), thoracic (thorax), tibial (tibia; shin), and ulnar (ulna).

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33
Q

Position, direction, or fascicle arrangement

A

Terms include externus (superficialis), internus (profundus), extrinsic muscles, intrinsic muscles, transversus muscles, oblique muscles, and rectus (straight) muscles.

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34
Q

Structural characteristics

A

Terms indicating structural characteristics include origin and insertion, number of tendons, shape and size.

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35
Q

Nature of origin

A

Terms include biceps (two heads), triceps (three heads), and quadriceps (four heads).

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36
Q

Shape

A

Terms include deltoid (triangle), orbicularis (circle), pectinate (comblike), piriformis (pear shaped), platysma (flat plate), pyramidal (pyramid), rhomboid (parallelogram), serratus (serrated), splenius (bandage), and teres (round and long).

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37
Q

Other striking features

A

Terms include alba (white), brevis (short), gracilis (slender), latae (wide), latissimus (widest), longissimus (longest), longus (long), magnus (large), major (larger), maximus (largest), minimus (smallest), minor (smaller), and vastus (great).

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38
Q

Actions

A

Terms indicating general actions include abductor (movement away), adductor (movement toward), depressor (lowering movement), extensor (straightening movement), flexor (bending movement), levator (raising movement), pronator (turning into prone position), supinator (turning into supine position), and tensor (tensing movement).

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39
Q

Specific actions

A

Terms include buccinator (trumpeter), risorius (laugher), and sartorius (like a tailor).

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40
Q

Axial muscles

A

Grouped based on location and function, including muscles of the head and neck, muscles of the vertebral column, oblique and rectus muscles, and muscles of the pelvic floor.

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41
Q

Muscles of facial expression

A

Muscles that originate on the skull and include orbicularis oris (constricts the mouth opening) and buccinator (moves food across the teeth).

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42
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles

A

Originate on the surface of the orbit and control the position of the eyes.

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43
Q

Muscles of the anterior neck

A

Control position of larynx, depress the mandible, and tense the floor of the mouth.

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44
Q

Temporoparietalis

A

Part of the muscles of the epicranium (scalp).

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45
Q

Occipitofrontalis

A

Muscle with a frontal belly and occipital belly separated by epicranial aponeurosis.

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46
Q

Platysma

A

Covers the anterior surface of the neck.

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47
Q

Zygomaticus major

A

Muscle involved in facial expression.

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48
Q

Mentalis

A

Muscle that contributes to facial expression.

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49
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Muscle that controls head movement and position.

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50
Q

Trapezius

A

Muscle that stabilizes and moves the shoulder blade.

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51
Q

Biceps brachii

A

Muscle that flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm.

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52
Q

Triceps brachii

A

Muscle that extends the elbow.

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53
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

Muscle that plantarflexes the foot and flexes the knee.

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54
Q

Iliopsoas

A

Muscle that flexes the hip.

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55
Q

Gluteus maximus

A

Muscle that extends and laterally rotates the hip.

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56
Q

Sartorius

A

Muscle that flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh.

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57
Q

Epicranial aponeurosis

A

Tendon connecting frontal and occipital muscles.

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58
Q

Frontalis

A

Forehead muscle raising eyebrows.

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59
Q

Corrugator supercilii

A

Muscle that furrows the brow.

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60
Q

Temporalis

A

Muscle elevating the mandible during chewing.

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61
Q

Procerus

A

Muscle between eyebrows, aids in frowning.

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62
Q

Levator labii superioris

A

Raises upper lip, expressing sadness.

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63
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

Muscle encircling the eye, closes eyelids.

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64
Q

Levator anguli oris

A

Elevates angle of the mouth.

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65
Q

Nasalis

A

Muscle that flares nostrils.

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66
Q

Masseter

A

Strongest jaw muscle for chewing.

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67
Q

Zygomaticus minor

A

Muscle that elevates upper lip.

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68
Q

Buccinator

A

Compresses cheeks, aids in chewing.

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69
Q

Depressor anguli oris

A

Lowers angle of the mouth.

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70
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

Muscle encircling the mouth, controls lips.

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71
Q

Depressor labii inferioris

A

Lowers the lower lip.

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72
Q

Risorius

A

Draws corners of the mouth sideways.

73
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

Cartilage forming the larynx’s front wall.

74
Q

Inferior rectus

A

Muscle moving the eye downward.

75
Q

Medial rectus

A

Muscle moving the eye inward.

76
Q

Superior rectus

A

Muscle moving the eye upward.

77
Q

Lateral rectus

A

Muscle moving the eye outward.

78
Q

Inferior oblique

A

Muscle allowing eye rotation upward and outward.

79
Q

Superior oblique

A

Muscle allowing eye rotation downward and outward.

80
Q

Pterygoid muscles

A

Elevate, depress, and protract mandible.

81
Q

Palatoglossus

A

Muscle elevating the tongue’s root.

82
Q

Styloglossus

A

Muscle retracting and elevating the tongue.

83
Q

Genioglossus

A

Muscle protruding the tongue.

84
Q

Hyoglossus

A

Muscle depressing the tongue.

85
Q

Pharyngeal constrictor muscles

A

Move food into the esophagus.

86
Q

Digastric

A

Muscle controlling larynx position.

87
Q

Mylohyoid

A

Elevates mouth floor, depresses jaw.

88
Q

Geniohyoid

A

Muscle connecting hyoid and chin.

89
Q

Sternohyoid

A

Muscle lowering the hyoid bone.

90
Q

Erector spinae

A

Muscles supporting and extending the spine.

91
Q

Quadratus lumborum

A

Flexes vertebral column, depresses ribs.

92
Q

Diaphragm

A

Major muscle for breathing.

93
Q

Pelvic diaphragm

A

Supports pelvic organs, controls material movement.

94
Q

Urogenital triangle

A

Anterior region of the perineum.

95
Q

Anal triangle

A

Posterior region of the perineum.

96
Q

Urogenital Triangle

A

Region containing external genitalia and urethra.

97
Q

Ischiocavernosus

A

Muscle supporting erectile tissues in the pelvis.

98
Q

Bulbospongiosus

A

Muscle aiding in erection and ejaculation.

99
Q

Superficial Transverse Perineal Muscle

A

Muscle stabilizing the perineal body.

100
Q

Pelvic Diaphragm

A

Muscle group supporting pelvic organs.

101
Q

Pubococcygeus

A

Muscle part of the pelvic floor.

102
Q

Levator Ani

A

Muscle group lifting the pelvic floor.

103
Q

Iliococcygeus

A

Muscle supporting pelvic organs laterally.

104
Q

External Anal Sphincter

A

Muscle controlling anal opening.

105
Q

Coccygeus

A

Muscle supporting coccyx and pelvic floor.

106
Q

Sacrotuberous Ligament

A

Ligament stabilizing the sacrum to ischium.

107
Q

Appendicular Muscles

A

Muscles moving limbs and stabilizing girdles.

108
Q

Serratus Anterior

A

Muscle stabilizing and moving the scapula.

109
Q

Subclavius

A

Muscle stabilizing the clavicle.

110
Q

Pectoralis Minor

A

Muscle attaching to the coracoid process.

111
Q

Deltoid

A

Major abductor of the arm.

112
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

A

Muscle extending and adducting the arm.

113
Q

Biceps Brachii

A

Major flexor of the forearm.

114
Q

Triceps Brachii

A

Major extensor of the forearm.

115
Q

Rotator Cuff

A

Group of muscles stabilizing the shoulder.

116
Q

Supraspinatus

A

Muscle assisting with arm abduction.

117
Q

Infraspinatus

A

Muscle producing lateral rotation of the arm.

118
Q

Teres Major

A

Muscle aiding in medial rotation of the arm.

119
Q

Coracobrachialis

A

Muscle flexing and adducting the arm.

120
Q

Erector Spinae

A

Muscle group extending the vertebral column.

121
Q

Thoracolumbar Fascia

A

Connective tissue supporting the lower back.

122
Q

Rectus Abdominis

A

Muscle flexing the vertebral column.

123
Q

Transversus Abdominis

A

Muscle compressing abdominal contents.

124
Q

Brachioradialis

A

Flexes elbow; located in forearm.

125
Q

Anconeus

A

Assists triceps in elbow extension.

126
Q

Olecranon

A

Prominent bony projection of ulna.

127
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris

A

Flexes and adducts the wrist.

128
Q

Extensor carpi radialis longus

A

Extends and abducts the wrist.

129
Q

Extensor digitorum

A

Extends fingers and the wrist.

130
Q

Flexor carpi radialis

A

Flexes and abducts the wrist.

131
Q

Palmaris longus

A

Flexes the wrist; absent in some.

132
Q

Abductor pollicis longus

A

Abducts the thumb.

133
Q

Flexor pollicis longus

A

Flexes the thumb.

134
Q

Extensor carpi ulnaris

A

Extends and adducts the wrist.

135
Q

Extensor pollicis brevis

A

Extends the proximal phalanx of thumb.

136
Q

Flexor digitorum superficialis

A

Flexes middle phalanges of fingers.

137
Q

Flexor digitorum profundus

A

Flexes distal phalanges of fingers.

138
Q

Extensor retinaculum

A

Stabilizes extensor tendons at wrist.

139
Q

Flexor retinaculum

A

Stabilizes flexor tendons at wrist.

140
Q

Supinator

A

Rotates radius; assists in supination.

141
Q

Pronator teres

A

Rotates radius; assists in pronation.

142
Q

Pronator quadratus

A

Assists pronator teres; originates on ulna.

143
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the hand

A

Originate on carpal/metacarpal bones.

144
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the hand

A

Lie in forearm; provide strength.

145
Q

Lumbricals

A

Flex fingers at metacarpophalangeal joints.

146
Q

Palmar interosseus

A

Adducts fingers toward middle finger.

147
Q

Dorsal interosseus

A

Abducts fingers away from middle finger.

148
Q

Opponens pollicis

A

Allows thumb opposition.

149
Q

Adductor pollicis

A

Adducts the thumb.

150
Q

Tendon of extensor indicis

A

Tendon associated with the index finger’s extension.

151
Q

Tendons of extensor digitorum

A

Tendons that extend the fingers.

152
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand

A

Muscles originating and inserting within the hand.

153
Q

First dorsal interosseus

A

Muscle responsible for abduction of the index finger.

154
Q

Tendon of extensor digiti minimi

A

Tendon extending the little finger.

155
Q

Abductor digiti minimi

A

Muscle that abducts the little finger.

156
Q

Tendon of extensor pollicis longus

A

Tendon extending the thumb.

157
Q

Tendon of extensor pollicis brevis

A

Tendon assisting in thumb extension.

158
Q

Tendon of extensor carpi ulnaris

A

Tendon extending and adducting the wrist.

159
Q

Tendon of extensor carpi radialis longus

A

Tendon extending and abducting the wrist.

160
Q

Tendon of extensor carpi radialis brevis

A

Tendon extending and abducting the wrist.

161
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

Connects lower limbs to axial skeleton.

162
Q

Muscles that position the lower limbs

A

Muscles categorized into three functional groups.

163
Q

Gluteal muscles

A

Muscles responsible for hip movement.

164
Q

Tensor fasciae latae

A

Muscle aiding in thigh stabilization and movement.

165
Q

Gluteus medius

A

Muscle stabilizing pelvis during walking.

166
Q

Adductors

A

Group of muscles that adduct the thigh.

167
Q

Hamstrings

A

Muscles flexing the knee, including three major muscles.

168
Q

Quadriceps femoris

A

Group of muscles extending the knee.

169
Q

Soleus

A

Muscle beneath gastrocnemius, also plantar flexor.

170
Q

Calcaneal tendon

A

Achilles tendon connecting calf muscles to heel.

171
Q

Tibialis anterior

A

Muscle responsible for dorsiflexion of the foot.

172
Q

Flexor digitorum longus

A

Muscle flexing the toes.

173
Q

Extensor digitorum longus

A

Muscle extending the toes.

174
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the foot

A

Muscles originating on foot bones, controlling toes.

175
Q

Plantar aponeurosis

A

Thick connective tissue supporting the foot’s arch.

176
Q

Flexor hallucis longus

A

Muscle flexing the big toe.

177
Q

Muscular system functions

A

Includes movement, posture, support, and temperature regulation.

178
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to muscles.

179
Q

Respiratory system

A

Adjusts to oxygen demand during muscle activity.

Anatomy (15 decks)

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