Chapter 11 Flashcards
Fascicles
Bundles of skeletal muscle fibers.
Parallel Muscles
Fascicles run parallel to muscle’s long axis.
Convergent Muscles
Fibers spread like a fan to a single point.
Pennate Muscles
Fibers pull at an angle to the tendon.
Circular Muscles
Muscles that surround body openings.
First-Class Lever
Fulcrum between applied force and load.
Second-Class Lever
Load lies between applied force and fulcrum.
Third-Class Lever
Applied force is between load and fulcrum.
Origin
Fixed attachment point of a muscle.
Insertion
Movable attachment point of a muscle.
Agonist
Muscle primarily responsible for movement.
Antagonist
Muscle opposing the action of an agonist.
Synergist
Muscle assisting a larger agonist.
Fixator
Synergist preventing movement at another joint.
Flexion
Decreasing the angle between two body parts.
Extension
Increasing the angle between two body parts.
Abduction
Movement away from the body’s midline.
Adduction
Movement toward the body’s midline.
Medial Rotation
Turning a body part toward the midline.
Lateral Rotation
Turning a body part away from the midline.
Myofibrils
Contractile units within muscle fibers.
Aponeurosis
Flat tendon connecting muscle to bone.
Raphe
Slender band of collagen fibers.
Tension
Force generated during muscle contraction.
Innervation
Nerve supply to a muscle.
Skeletal Muscles
Muscles attached to bones for movement.
Muscle Interaction
Coordinated action of muscles for movement.
Functional Relationship
Interaction between muscular and other body systems.
Exercise Effects
Responses of body systems to physical activity.
Teres Minor
Has lines of action that cross the posterior aspect of the shoulder joint and produces lateral rotation at the shoulder.
Subscapularis
Crosses on the anterior side of the shoulder joint and rotates the shoulder medially when it contracts.
Region of the body
Terms indicating specific regions include abdominal (abdomen), ancon (elbow), auricular (ear), brachial (arm), capitis (head), carpi (wrist), cervicis (neck), coccygeal (coccyx), costal (rib), cutaneous (skin), femoris (thigh), glossal (tongue), hallux (great toe), ilium (groin), inguinal (groin), lumbar (lumbar region), nasalis (nose), nuchal (back of neck), ocular (eye), oris (mouth), palpebra (eyelid), pollex (thumb), popliteal (posterior to knee), psoas (loin), radial (forearm), scapular (scapula), temporal (temple), thoracic (thorax), tibial (tibia; shin), and ulnar (ulna).
Position, direction, or fascicle arrangement
Terms include externus (superficialis), internus (profundus), extrinsic muscles, intrinsic muscles, transversus muscles, oblique muscles, and rectus (straight) muscles.
Structural characteristics
Terms indicating structural characteristics include origin and insertion, number of tendons, shape and size.
Nature of origin
Terms include biceps (two heads), triceps (three heads), and quadriceps (four heads).
Shape
Terms include deltoid (triangle), orbicularis (circle), pectinate (comblike), piriformis (pear shaped), platysma (flat plate), pyramidal (pyramid), rhomboid (parallelogram), serratus (serrated), splenius (bandage), and teres (round and long).
Other striking features
Terms include alba (white), brevis (short), gracilis (slender), latae (wide), latissimus (widest), longissimus (longest), longus (long), magnus (large), major (larger), maximus (largest), minimus (smallest), minor (smaller), and vastus (great).
Actions
Terms indicating general actions include abductor (movement away), adductor (movement toward), depressor (lowering movement), extensor (straightening movement), flexor (bending movement), levator (raising movement), pronator (turning into prone position), supinator (turning into supine position), and tensor (tensing movement).
Specific actions
Terms include buccinator (trumpeter), risorius (laugher), and sartorius (like a tailor).
Axial muscles
Grouped based on location and function, including muscles of the head and neck, muscles of the vertebral column, oblique and rectus muscles, and muscles of the pelvic floor.
Muscles of facial expression
Muscles that originate on the skull and include orbicularis oris (constricts the mouth opening) and buccinator (moves food across the teeth).
Extrinsic eye muscles
Originate on the surface of the orbit and control the position of the eyes.
Muscles of the anterior neck
Control position of larynx, depress the mandible, and tense the floor of the mouth.
Temporoparietalis
Part of the muscles of the epicranium (scalp).
Occipitofrontalis
Muscle with a frontal belly and occipital belly separated by epicranial aponeurosis.
Platysma
Covers the anterior surface of the neck.
Zygomaticus major
Muscle involved in facial expression.
Mentalis
Muscle that contributes to facial expression.
Sternocleidomastoid
Muscle that controls head movement and position.
Trapezius
Muscle that stabilizes and moves the shoulder blade.
Biceps brachii
Muscle that flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm.
Triceps brachii
Muscle that extends the elbow.
Gastrocnemius
Muscle that plantarflexes the foot and flexes the knee.
Iliopsoas
Muscle that flexes the hip.
Gluteus maximus
Muscle that extends and laterally rotates the hip.
Sartorius
Muscle that flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh.
Epicranial aponeurosis
Tendon connecting frontal and occipital muscles.
Frontalis
Forehead muscle raising eyebrows.
Corrugator supercilii
Muscle that furrows the brow.
Temporalis
Muscle elevating the mandible during chewing.
Procerus
Muscle between eyebrows, aids in frowning.
Levator labii superioris
Raises upper lip, expressing sadness.
Orbicularis oculi
Muscle encircling the eye, closes eyelids.
Levator anguli oris
Elevates angle of the mouth.
Nasalis
Muscle that flares nostrils.
Masseter
Strongest jaw muscle for chewing.
Zygomaticus minor
Muscle that elevates upper lip.
Buccinator
Compresses cheeks, aids in chewing.
Depressor anguli oris
Lowers angle of the mouth.
Orbicularis oris
Muscle encircling the mouth, controls lips.
Depressor labii inferioris
Lowers the lower lip.
Risorius
Draws corners of the mouth sideways.
Thyroid cartilage
Cartilage forming the larynx’s front wall.
Inferior rectus
Muscle moving the eye downward.
Medial rectus
Muscle moving the eye inward.
Superior rectus
Muscle moving the eye upward.
Lateral rectus
Muscle moving the eye outward.
Inferior oblique
Muscle allowing eye rotation upward and outward.
Superior oblique
Muscle allowing eye rotation downward and outward.
Pterygoid muscles
Elevate, depress, and protract mandible.
Palatoglossus
Muscle elevating the tongue’s root.
Styloglossus
Muscle retracting and elevating the tongue.
Genioglossus
Muscle protruding the tongue.
Hyoglossus
Muscle depressing the tongue.
Pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Move food into the esophagus.
Digastric
Muscle controlling larynx position.
Mylohyoid
Elevates mouth floor, depresses jaw.
Geniohyoid
Muscle connecting hyoid and chin.
Sternohyoid
Muscle lowering the hyoid bone.
Erector spinae
Muscles supporting and extending the spine.
Quadratus lumborum
Flexes vertebral column, depresses ribs.
Diaphragm
Major muscle for breathing.
Pelvic diaphragm
Supports pelvic organs, controls material movement.
Urogenital triangle
Anterior region of the perineum.
Anal triangle
Posterior region of the perineum.
Urogenital Triangle
Region containing external genitalia and urethra.
Ischiocavernosus
Muscle supporting erectile tissues in the pelvis.
Bulbospongiosus
Muscle aiding in erection and ejaculation.
Superficial Transverse Perineal Muscle
Muscle stabilizing the perineal body.
Pelvic Diaphragm
Muscle group supporting pelvic organs.
Pubococcygeus
Muscle part of the pelvic floor.
Levator Ani
Muscle group lifting the pelvic floor.
Iliococcygeus
Muscle supporting pelvic organs laterally.
External Anal Sphincter
Muscle controlling anal opening.
Coccygeus
Muscle supporting coccyx and pelvic floor.
Sacrotuberous Ligament
Ligament stabilizing the sacrum to ischium.
Appendicular Muscles
Muscles moving limbs and stabilizing girdles.
Serratus Anterior
Muscle stabilizing and moving the scapula.
Subclavius
Muscle stabilizing the clavicle.
Pectoralis Minor
Muscle attaching to the coracoid process.
Deltoid
Major abductor of the arm.
Latissimus Dorsi
Muscle extending and adducting the arm.
Biceps Brachii
Major flexor of the forearm.
Triceps Brachii
Major extensor of the forearm.
Rotator Cuff
Group of muscles stabilizing the shoulder.
Supraspinatus
Muscle assisting with arm abduction.
Infraspinatus
Muscle producing lateral rotation of the arm.
Teres Major
Muscle aiding in medial rotation of the arm.
Coracobrachialis
Muscle flexing and adducting the arm.
Erector Spinae
Muscle group extending the vertebral column.
Thoracolumbar Fascia
Connective tissue supporting the lower back.
Rectus Abdominis
Muscle flexing the vertebral column.
Transversus Abdominis
Muscle compressing abdominal contents.
Brachioradialis
Flexes elbow; located in forearm.
Anconeus
Assists triceps in elbow extension.
Olecranon
Prominent bony projection of ulna.
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexes and adducts the wrist.
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extends and abducts the wrist.
Extensor digitorum
Extends fingers and the wrist.
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexes and abducts the wrist.
Palmaris longus
Flexes the wrist; absent in some.
Abductor pollicis longus
Abducts the thumb.
Flexor pollicis longus
Flexes the thumb.
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extends and adducts the wrist.
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extends the proximal phalanx of thumb.
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexes middle phalanges of fingers.
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexes distal phalanges of fingers.
Extensor retinaculum
Stabilizes extensor tendons at wrist.
Flexor retinaculum
Stabilizes flexor tendons at wrist.
Supinator
Rotates radius; assists in supination.
Pronator teres
Rotates radius; assists in pronation.
Pronator quadratus
Assists pronator teres; originates on ulna.
Intrinsic muscles of the hand
Originate on carpal/metacarpal bones.
Extrinsic muscles of the hand
Lie in forearm; provide strength.
Lumbricals
Flex fingers at metacarpophalangeal joints.
Palmar interosseus
Adducts fingers toward middle finger.
Dorsal interosseus
Abducts fingers away from middle finger.
Opponens pollicis
Allows thumb opposition.
Adductor pollicis
Adducts the thumb.
Tendon of extensor indicis
Tendon associated with the index finger’s extension.
Tendons of extensor digitorum
Tendons that extend the fingers.
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Muscles originating and inserting within the hand.
First dorsal interosseus
Muscle responsible for abduction of the index finger.
Tendon of extensor digiti minimi
Tendon extending the little finger.
Abductor digiti minimi
Muscle that abducts the little finger.
Tendon of extensor pollicis longus
Tendon extending the thumb.
Tendon of extensor pollicis brevis
Tendon assisting in thumb extension.
Tendon of extensor carpi ulnaris
Tendon extending and adducting the wrist.
Tendon of extensor carpi radialis longus
Tendon extending and abducting the wrist.
Tendon of extensor carpi radialis brevis
Tendon extending and abducting the wrist.
Pelvic girdle
Connects lower limbs to axial skeleton.
Muscles that position the lower limbs
Muscles categorized into three functional groups.
Gluteal muscles
Muscles responsible for hip movement.
Tensor fasciae latae
Muscle aiding in thigh stabilization and movement.
Gluteus medius
Muscle stabilizing pelvis during walking.
Adductors
Group of muscles that adduct the thigh.
Hamstrings
Muscles flexing the knee, including three major muscles.
Quadriceps femoris
Group of muscles extending the knee.
Soleus
Muscle beneath gastrocnemius, also plantar flexor.
Calcaneal tendon
Achilles tendon connecting calf muscles to heel.
Tibialis anterior
Muscle responsible for dorsiflexion of the foot.
Flexor digitorum longus
Muscle flexing the toes.
Extensor digitorum longus
Muscle extending the toes.
Intrinsic muscles of the foot
Muscles originating on foot bones, controlling toes.
Plantar aponeurosis
Thick connective tissue supporting the foot’s arch.
Flexor hallucis longus
Muscle flexing the big toe.
Muscular system functions
Includes movement, posture, support, and temperature regulation.
Cardiovascular system
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to muscles.
Respiratory system
Adjusts to oxygen demand during muscle activity.
