Chapter 11 Flashcards
1
Q
Fascicles
A
Bundles of skeletal muscle fibers.
2
Q
Parallel Muscles
A
Fascicles run parallel to muscle’s long axis.
3
Q
Convergent Muscles
A
Fibers spread like a fan to a single point.
4
Q
Pennate Muscles
A
Fibers pull at an angle to the tendon.
5
Q
Circular Muscles
A
Muscles that surround body openings.
6
Q
First-Class Lever
A
Fulcrum between applied force and load.
7
Q
Second-Class Lever
A
Load lies between applied force and fulcrum.
8
Q
Third-Class Lever
A
Applied force is between load and fulcrum.
9
Q
Origin
A
Fixed attachment point of a muscle.
10
Q
Insertion
A
Movable attachment point of a muscle.
11
Q
Agonist
A
Muscle primarily responsible for movement.
12
Q
Antagonist
A
Muscle opposing the action of an agonist.
13
Q
Synergist
A
Muscle assisting a larger agonist.
14
Q
Fixator
A
Synergist preventing movement at another joint.
15
Q
Flexion
A
Decreasing the angle between two body parts.
16
Q
Extension
A
Increasing the angle between two body parts.
17
Q
Abduction
A
Movement away from the body’s midline.
18
Q
Adduction
A
Movement toward the body’s midline.
19
Q
Medial Rotation
A
Turning a body part toward the midline.
20
Q
Lateral Rotation
A
Turning a body part away from the midline.
21
Q
Myofibrils
A
Contractile units within muscle fibers.
22
Q
Aponeurosis
A
Flat tendon connecting muscle to bone.
23
Q
Raphe
A
Slender band of collagen fibers.
24
Q
Tension
A
Force generated during muscle contraction.
25
Innervation
Nerve supply to a muscle.
26
Skeletal Muscles
Muscles attached to bones for movement.
27
Muscle Interaction
Coordinated action of muscles for movement.
28
Functional Relationship
Interaction between muscular and other body systems.
29
Exercise Effects
Responses of body systems to physical activity.
30
Teres Minor
Has lines of action that cross the posterior aspect of the shoulder joint and produces lateral rotation at the shoulder.
31
Subscapularis
Crosses on the anterior side of the shoulder joint and rotates the shoulder medially when it contracts.
32
Region of the body
Terms indicating specific regions include abdominal (abdomen), ancon (elbow), auricular (ear), brachial (arm), capitis (head), carpi (wrist), cervicis (neck), coccygeal (coccyx), costal (rib), cutaneous (skin), femoris (thigh), glossal (tongue), hallux (great toe), ilium (groin), inguinal (groin), lumbar (lumbar region), nasalis (nose), nuchal (back of neck), ocular (eye), oris (mouth), palpebra (eyelid), pollex (thumb), popliteal (posterior to knee), psoas (loin), radial (forearm), scapular (scapula), temporal (temple), thoracic (thorax), tibial (tibia; shin), and ulnar (ulna).
33
Position, direction, or fascicle arrangement
Terms include externus (superficialis), internus (profundus), extrinsic muscles, intrinsic muscles, transversus muscles, oblique muscles, and rectus (straight) muscles.
34
Structural characteristics
Terms indicating structural characteristics include origin and insertion, number of tendons, shape and size.
35
Nature of origin
Terms include biceps (two heads), triceps (three heads), and quadriceps (four heads).
36
Shape
Terms include deltoid (triangle), orbicularis (circle), pectinate (comblike), piriformis (pear shaped), platysma (flat plate), pyramidal (pyramid), rhomboid (parallelogram), serratus (serrated), splenius (bandage), and teres (round and long).
37
Other striking features
Terms include alba (white), brevis (short), gracilis (slender), latae (wide), latissimus (widest), longissimus (longest), longus (long), magnus (large), major (larger), maximus (largest), minimus (smallest), minor (smaller), and vastus (great).
38
Actions
Terms indicating general actions include abductor (movement away), adductor (movement toward), depressor (lowering movement), extensor (straightening movement), flexor (bending movement), levator (raising movement), pronator (turning into prone position), supinator (turning into supine position), and tensor (tensing movement).
39
Specific actions
Terms include buccinator (trumpeter), risorius (laugher), and sartorius (like a tailor).
40
Axial muscles
Grouped based on location and function, including muscles of the head and neck, muscles of the vertebral column, oblique and rectus muscles, and muscles of the pelvic floor.
41
Muscles of facial expression
Muscles that originate on the skull and include orbicularis oris (constricts the mouth opening) and buccinator (moves food across the teeth).
42
Extrinsic eye muscles
Originate on the surface of the orbit and control the position of the eyes.
43
Muscles of the anterior neck
Control position of larynx, depress the mandible, and tense the floor of the mouth.
44
Temporoparietalis
Part of the muscles of the epicranium (scalp).
45
Occipitofrontalis
Muscle with a frontal belly and occipital belly separated by epicranial aponeurosis.
46
Platysma
Covers the anterior surface of the neck.
47
Zygomaticus major
Muscle involved in facial expression.
48
Mentalis
Muscle that contributes to facial expression.
49
Sternocleidomastoid
Muscle that controls head movement and position.
50
Trapezius
Muscle that stabilizes and moves the shoulder blade.
51
Biceps brachii
Muscle that flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm.
52
Triceps brachii
Muscle that extends the elbow.
53
Gastrocnemius
Muscle that plantarflexes the foot and flexes the knee.
54
Iliopsoas
Muscle that flexes the hip.
55
Gluteus maximus
Muscle that extends and laterally rotates the hip.
56
Sartorius
Muscle that flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh.
57
Epicranial aponeurosis
Tendon connecting frontal and occipital muscles.
58
Frontalis
Forehead muscle raising eyebrows.
59
Corrugator supercilii
Muscle that furrows the brow.
60
Temporalis
Muscle elevating the mandible during chewing.
61
Procerus
Muscle between eyebrows, aids in frowning.
62
Levator labii superioris
Raises upper lip, expressing sadness.
63
Orbicularis oculi
Muscle encircling the eye, closes eyelids.
64
Levator anguli oris
Elevates angle of the mouth.
65
Nasalis
Muscle that flares nostrils.
66
Masseter
Strongest jaw muscle for chewing.
67
Zygomaticus minor
Muscle that elevates upper lip.
68
Buccinator
Compresses cheeks, aids in chewing.
69
Depressor anguli oris
Lowers angle of the mouth.
70
Orbicularis oris
Muscle encircling the mouth, controls lips.
71
Depressor labii inferioris
Lowers the lower lip.
72
Risorius
Draws corners of the mouth sideways.
73
Thyroid cartilage
Cartilage forming the larynx's front wall.
74
Inferior rectus
Muscle moving the eye downward.
75
Medial rectus
Muscle moving the eye inward.
76
Superior rectus
Muscle moving the eye upward.
77
Lateral rectus
Muscle moving the eye outward.
78
Inferior oblique
Muscle allowing eye rotation upward and outward.
79
Superior oblique
Muscle allowing eye rotation downward and outward.
80
Pterygoid muscles
Elevate, depress, and protract mandible.
81
Palatoglossus
Muscle elevating the tongue's root.
82
Styloglossus
Muscle retracting and elevating the tongue.
83
Genioglossus
Muscle protruding the tongue.
84
Hyoglossus
Muscle depressing the tongue.
85
Pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Move food into the esophagus.
86
Digastric
Muscle controlling larynx position.
87
Mylohyoid
Elevates mouth floor, depresses jaw.
88
Geniohyoid
Muscle connecting hyoid and chin.
89
Sternohyoid
Muscle lowering the hyoid bone.
90
Erector spinae
Muscles supporting and extending the spine.
91
Quadratus lumborum
Flexes vertebral column, depresses ribs.
92
Diaphragm
Major muscle for breathing.
93
Pelvic diaphragm
Supports pelvic organs, controls material movement.
94
Urogenital triangle
Anterior region of the perineum.
95
Anal triangle
Posterior region of the perineum.
96
Urogenital Triangle
Region containing external genitalia and urethra.
97
Ischiocavernosus
Muscle supporting erectile tissues in the pelvis.
98
Bulbospongiosus
Muscle aiding in erection and ejaculation.
99
Superficial Transverse Perineal Muscle
Muscle stabilizing the perineal body.
100
Pelvic Diaphragm
Muscle group supporting pelvic organs.
101
Pubococcygeus
Muscle part of the pelvic floor.
102
Levator Ani
Muscle group lifting the pelvic floor.
103
Iliococcygeus
Muscle supporting pelvic organs laterally.
104
External Anal Sphincter
Muscle controlling anal opening.
105
Coccygeus
Muscle supporting coccyx and pelvic floor.
106
Sacrotuberous Ligament
Ligament stabilizing the sacrum to ischium.
107
Appendicular Muscles
Muscles moving limbs and stabilizing girdles.
108
Serratus Anterior
Muscle stabilizing and moving the scapula.
109
Subclavius
Muscle stabilizing the clavicle.
110
Pectoralis Minor
Muscle attaching to the coracoid process.
111
Deltoid
Major abductor of the arm.
112
Latissimus Dorsi
Muscle extending and adducting the arm.
113
Biceps Brachii
Major flexor of the forearm.
114
Triceps Brachii
Major extensor of the forearm.
115
Rotator Cuff
Group of muscles stabilizing the shoulder.
116
Supraspinatus
Muscle assisting with arm abduction.
117
Infraspinatus
Muscle producing lateral rotation of the arm.
118
Teres Major
Muscle aiding in medial rotation of the arm.
119
Coracobrachialis
Muscle flexing and adducting the arm.
120
Erector Spinae
Muscle group extending the vertebral column.
121
Thoracolumbar Fascia
Connective tissue supporting the lower back.
122
Rectus Abdominis
Muscle flexing the vertebral column.
123
Transversus Abdominis
Muscle compressing abdominal contents.
124
Brachioradialis
Flexes elbow; located in forearm.
125
Anconeus
Assists triceps in elbow extension.
126
Olecranon
Prominent bony projection of ulna.
127
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexes and adducts the wrist.
128
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extends and abducts the wrist.
129
Extensor digitorum
Extends fingers and the wrist.
130
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexes and abducts the wrist.
131
Palmaris longus
Flexes the wrist; absent in some.
132
Abductor pollicis longus
Abducts the thumb.
133
Flexor pollicis longus
Flexes the thumb.
134
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extends and adducts the wrist.
135
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extends the proximal phalanx of thumb.
136
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexes middle phalanges of fingers.
137
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexes distal phalanges of fingers.
138
Extensor retinaculum
Stabilizes extensor tendons at wrist.
139
Flexor retinaculum
Stabilizes flexor tendons at wrist.
140
Supinator
Rotates radius; assists in supination.
141
Pronator teres
Rotates radius; assists in pronation.
142
Pronator quadratus
Assists pronator teres; originates on ulna.
143
Intrinsic muscles of the hand
Originate on carpal/metacarpal bones.
144
Extrinsic muscles of the hand
Lie in forearm; provide strength.
145
Lumbricals
Flex fingers at metacarpophalangeal joints.
146
Palmar interosseus
Adducts fingers toward middle finger.
147
Dorsal interosseus
Abducts fingers away from middle finger.
148
Opponens pollicis
Allows thumb opposition.
149
Adductor pollicis
Adducts the thumb.
150
Tendon of extensor indicis
Tendon associated with the index finger's extension.
151
Tendons of extensor digitorum
Tendons that extend the fingers.
152
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Muscles originating and inserting within the hand.
153
First dorsal interosseus
Muscle responsible for abduction of the index finger.
154
Tendon of extensor digiti minimi
Tendon extending the little finger.
155
Abductor digiti minimi
Muscle that abducts the little finger.
156
Tendon of extensor pollicis longus
Tendon extending the thumb.
157
Tendon of extensor pollicis brevis
Tendon assisting in thumb extension.
158
Tendon of extensor carpi ulnaris
Tendon extending and adducting the wrist.
159
Tendon of extensor carpi radialis longus
Tendon extending and abducting the wrist.
160
Tendon of extensor carpi radialis brevis
Tendon extending and abducting the wrist.
161
Pelvic girdle
Connects lower limbs to axial skeleton.
162
Muscles that position the lower limbs
Muscles categorized into three functional groups.
163
Gluteal muscles
Muscles responsible for hip movement.
164
Tensor fasciae latae
Muscle aiding in thigh stabilization and movement.
165
Gluteus medius
Muscle stabilizing pelvis during walking.
166
Adductors
Group of muscles that adduct the thigh.
167
Hamstrings
Muscles flexing the knee, including three major muscles.
168
Quadriceps femoris
Group of muscles extending the knee.
169
Soleus
Muscle beneath gastrocnemius, also plantar flexor.
170
Calcaneal tendon
Achilles tendon connecting calf muscles to heel.
171
Tibialis anterior
Muscle responsible for dorsiflexion of the foot.
172
Flexor digitorum longus
Muscle flexing the toes.
173
Extensor digitorum longus
Muscle extending the toes.
174
Intrinsic muscles of the foot
Muscles originating on foot bones, controlling toes.
175
Plantar aponeurosis
Thick connective tissue supporting the foot's arch.
176
Flexor hallucis longus
Muscle flexing the big toe.
177
Muscular system functions
Includes movement, posture, support, and temperature regulation.
178
Cardiovascular system
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to muscles.
179
Respiratory system
Adjusts to oxygen demand during muscle activity.
