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Anatomy > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Atom

A

Smallest stable unit of matter.

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2
Q

Subatomic Particles

A

Particles composing an atom: protons, neutrons, electrons.

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3
Q

Proton

A

Positively charged subatomic particle in nucleus.

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4
Q

Neutron

A

Neutral subatomic particle in nucleus.

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5
Q

Electron

A

Negatively charged particle orbiting the nucleus.

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6
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons in an atom’s nucleus.

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

Center of the atom containing protons and neutrons.

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8
Q

Electron Cloud

A

3D area where electrons orbit the nucleus.

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9
Q

Electron Shell

A

2D representation of electron cloud layers.

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10
Q

Valence Shell

A

Outermost electron shell determining chemical bonding.

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11
Q

Octet Rule

A

Atoms are stable with 8 electrons in valence shell.

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12
Q

Molecule

A

Chemical structure of 2+ atoms sharing electrons.

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13
Q

Compound

A

Substance with atoms from at least two elements.

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14
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Bond formed by complete transfer of electrons.

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15
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ion that donates electrons.

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16
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ion that accepts electrons.

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17
Q

Ion

A

Atom with an electric charge due to electron loss/gain.

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18
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Bond formed by sharing electrons between atoms.

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19
Q

Single Covalent Bond

A

Bond formed by sharing one pair of electrons.

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20
Q

Double Covalent Bond

A

Bond formed by sharing two pairs of electrons.

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21
Q

Triple Covalent Bond

A

Bond formed by sharing three pairs of electrons.

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22
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A

Equal sharing of electrons between identical atoms.

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23
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

Unequal sharing of electrons between different atoms.

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24
Q

pH

A

Measure of acidity or alkalinity in solutions.

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25
Q

Buffer

A

Substance that stabilizes pH in body fluids.

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26
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate, energy currency of cells.

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27
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Molecules that store and transmit genetic information.

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28
Q

Water

A

Essential compound with unique chemical properties.

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29
Q

Acid

A

Substance that donates protons in solution.

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30
Q

Base

A

Substance that accepts protons in solution.

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31
Q

Salt

A

Ionic compound formed from acid-base reactions.

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32
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

Bonds in a water molecule where the oxygen atom holds the electrons more tightly than the hydrogen atoms.

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33
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Weak polar bonds between adjacent molecules based on electrical attractions.

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34
Q

Chemical reaction

A

Process that involves the rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure.

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35
Q

Reactants

A

Starting material that undergo a chemical change to form a product.

36
Q

Products

A

Substance made by the chemical reaction.

37
Q

Metabolism

A

Chemical reactions in the body’s cells that change food into energy.

38
Q

Decomposition Reaction

A

Breakdown of a molecule into smaller parts.

39
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

Water molecule breaks down a complex molecule.

40
Q

Synthesis Reaction

A

Chemical process where 2 or more simple elements/compounds combine to form a more complex product.

41
Q

Enzymes

A

Protein catalysts that accelerate biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

42
Q

Activation energy

A

The minimum amount of energy needed to start a reaction.

43
Q

Metabolic Pathways

A

Sequence of enzyme reactions that lead to the conversion of a substance into a product.

44
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Generally, lack carbon-hydrogen bonds.

45
Q

Organic compounds

A

Generally, contain carbon-hydrogen bonds.

46
Q

Water (H2O)

A

Accounts for up to two-thirds of total body weight and is a universal solvent.

47
Q

Solvent

A

The dissolving medium (water).

48
Q

Solute

A

Substance that is being dissolved.

49
Q

Solution

A

Mixture consisting of a solute dissolved into a solvent.

50
Q

Dissociation

A

Splitting into smaller molecules.

51
Q

Ionization

A

Splitting into ions.

52
Q

Electrolytes

A

Soluble inorganic substances that break down into ions when dissolved in water or body fluids.

53
Q

Hydrophilic Compounds

A

Compounds that interact with water due to polar covalent bonds.

54
Q

Hydrophobic Compounds

A

Compounds that lack affinity for water and repel it.

55
Q

Neutral pH

A

A balance of H+ and OH-, with a value of 7.0.

56
Q

Acidic pH

A

Lower than 7.0, indicating high H+ concentration.

57
Q

Basic pH

A

Higher than 7.0, indicating low H+ concentration.

58
Q

Acidosis

A

Low blood pH (more acidic).

59
Q

Alkalosis

A

High blood pH (more basic).

60
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A

Condition from inadequate CO2 removal by lungs.

61
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Decreased respiration leading to lower blood pH.

62
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis

A

Condition from excessive CO2 removal, raising blood pH.

63
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Increased respiration due to anxiety or fever.

64
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A

Excess acid production or insufficient acid removal.

65
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

A

Excess bicarbonate or loss of stomach acid.

66
Q

Buffers

A

Compounds stabilizing pH by neutralizing acids/bases.

67
Q

Antacids

A

Sodium bicarbonate neutralizes stomach hydrochloric acid.

68
Q

Protein Buffer System

A

Proteins regulate pH by absorbing/releasing H+ ions.

69
Q

Hemoglobin Buffer System

A

Maintains blood pH via red blood cell proteins.

70
Q

Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System

A

Regulates blood pH through bicarbonate and carbonic acid.

71
Q

Phosphate Buffer System

A

Maintains pH levels in cells and fluids.

72
Q

Lipids

A

Hydrophobic molecules including fats, oils, and waxes.

73
Q

Energy Storage

A

Lipids provide double energy compared to carbohydrates.

74
Q

Phospholipids

A

Contain diglycerides and phosphate groups, forming membranes.

75
Q

Glycolipids

A

Contain diglycerides and sugars, aiding cell recognition.

76
Q

Micelles

A

Formed by phospholipids in water with hydrophilic heads.

77
Q

Proteins

A

Most abundant organic molecules composed of amino acids.

78
Q

Amino Acids

A

Building blocks of proteins with central carbon structure.

79
Q

Cofactors

A

Molecules required for enzyme activity.

80
Q

Denaturation

A

Loss of protein structure and functionality.

81
Q

DNA

A

Contains genetic instructions for protein synthesis.

82
Q

RNA

A

Involved in protein synthesis using DNA information.

83
Q

Nucleotides

A

Monomers of nucleic acids with sugar, phosphate, base.

84
Q

Purines

A

Double-ringed nitrogenous bases: adenine and guanine.

85
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Single-ringed nitrogenous bases: cytosine, thymine, uracil.

86
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Adding phosphate group to produce high-energy bonds.

87
Q

ATPase

A

Enzyme converting ATP to ADP, releasing energy.

Anatomy (15 decks)

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