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Anatomy > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary System

A

Body’s first defense against bacteria and injury.

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2
Q

Epidermis

A

Superficial layer of skin, avascular and protective.

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3
Q

Dermis

A

Layer beneath epidermis containing blood vessels and receptors.

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4
Q

Subcutaneous Layer

A

Loose connective tissue below the dermis.

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5
Q

Melanocytes

A

Cells producing melanin, affecting skin color.

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6
Q

Vitamin D3

A

Synthesized in skin, essential for calcium metabolism.

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7
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Most abundant cells in epidermis, produce keratin.

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8
Q

Stratum Basale

A

Deepest epidermal layer, contains stem cells.

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9
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

Layer with spiny keratinocytes and dendritic cells.

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10
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

Layer where keratin fibers develop and cells die.

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11
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

Clear layer found only in thick skin.

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12
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Outer layer of dead keratinized cells.

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13
Q

Accessory Structures

A

Includes hair, nails, and glands in skin.

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14
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Process of maintaining body temperature through skin.

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15
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Glands in skin that secrete substances externally.

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16
Q

Papillary Layer

A

Upper layer of dermis, contains sensory receptors.

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17
Q

Reticular Layer

A

Deeper dermis layer, provides strength and elasticity.

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18
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

Immune cells in skin, protect against pathogens.

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19
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

Glands that secrete oil to lubricate skin.

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20
Q

Sweat Glands

A

Glands that produce sweat for thermoregulation.

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21
Q

Hair Follicles

A

Structures that produce hair, involved in sensation.

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22
Q

Arrector Pili Muscle

A

Muscle that causes hair to stand up.

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23
Q

Tactile Cells

A

Sensory cells in stratum basale, detect touch.

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24
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

Another term for skin, includes epidermis and dermis.

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25
Q

Skin Color Variation

A

Differences due to melanin production and sunlight.

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26
Q

Skin Repair Mechanisms

A

Processes that allow skin to heal after injury.

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27
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

Cells in skin that detect touch, pressure, pain.

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28
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

The ‘granular layer’ consisting of 3-5 layers of keratinocytes

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29
Q

Keratohyalin

A

A protein that forms dense granules, promotes cellular dehydration and cross-linking of keratin fibers

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30
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

The ‘clear layer’ found only in thick skin, covering stratum granulosum with flattened, densely packed cells

31
Q

Stratum corneum

A

The ‘horny layer’ that is the exposed surface of thick and thin skin, water resistant with 15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells

32
Q

Keratinization

A

The formation of protective layers of cells filled with keratin, where new cells move from stratum basale to stratum corneum in 7 to 10 days

33
Q

Epidermal growth factor (EGF)

A

Produced by salivary glands and glands of duodenum, used in laboratories to grow skin grafts

34
Q

Functions of EGF

A

Promotes division of basal cells, accelerates keratin production, stimulates epidermal repair, and stimulates glandular secretion

35
Q

Papillary layer

A

Outer layer of the dermis consisting of areolar tissue, containing capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons

36
Q

Reticular layer

A

Consists of dense irregular connective tissue, containing collagen and elastic fibers, blood & lymph vessels, and nerve fibers

37
Q

Dermal strength and elasticity

A

Provided by collagen fibers that resist stretching and elastic fibers that permit stretching and then recoil to original length

38
Q

Skin turgor

A

Measure of elasticity and firmness used to indicate fluid loss or dehydration, influenced by malnutrition, aging, UV radiation

39
Q

Tension lines (cleavage lines)

A

Produced by parallel bundles of collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis, affecting healing and scarring of cuts

40
Q

Dermal blood supply

A

Includes cutaneous plexus, a deep network of arteries along the reticular layer, and subpapillary plexus, a network of small arteries in the papillary layer

41
Q

Contusion (bruise)

A

Trauma to the skin causing dermal blood vessels to rupture, leading to blood leaking into the dermis and resulting in a blue/black color

42
Q

Innervation of skin

A

Nerve fibers in skin that control blood flow, adjust gland secretion rates, and monitor sensory receptors

43
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Respond to light touch (tactile corpuscles) and deep pressure and vibration (lamellar corpuscles)

44
Q

Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

A

Connects the dermis to underlying tissues, stabilizing the position of the skin and primarily composed of adipose tissue

45
Q

Skin Color

A

Influenced by two pigments in the epidermis: melanin and carotene

46
Q

Melanin

A

Red-yellow or brown-black pigment produced by melanocytes, protecting skin from ultraviolet (UV) radiation

47
Q

Carotene

A

Orange-yellow pigment found in orange vegetables, accumulates in epidermal cells and can be converted to vitamin A

48
Q

Blood flow and oxygenation

A

Influence skin color; hemoglobin is bright red when bound to oxygen and can cause cyanosis when oxygen levels are low

49
Q

Accessory structures of the integument

A

Include hair, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails

50
Q

Hair

A

Composed of keratinized dead cells; the hair shaft is nonliving and above the skin surface while the hair follicle is living and located under the skin

51
Q

Hair follicles

A

Structures producing nonliving hairs in skin.

52
Q

Root hair plexus

A

Sensory nerve network surrounding hair follicles.

53
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

Smooth muscle causing hair to stand up.

54
Q

Goose bumps

A

Skin reaction from arrector pili contraction.

55
Q

Hair root

A

Anchors hair into the skin.

56
Q

Hair shaft

A

Upper visible part of the hair.

57
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Oil glands discharging sebum into hair follicles.

58
Q

Holocrine glands

A

Glands releasing entire cells with secretion.

59
Q

Sebum

A

Lipid secretion lubricating and protecting hair.

60
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

Glands producing odoriferous secretions.

61
Q

Merocrine sweat glands

A

Glands discharging sweat directly onto skin.

62
Q

Sensible perspiration

A

Visible sweat aiding in body temperature regulation.

63
Q

Epidermal fold

A

Skin structure where nail production occurs.

64
Q

Nail body

A

Visible part of the nail covering nail bed.

65
Q

Eponychium

A

Cuticle area near the nail root.

66
Q

Lunula

A

Pale crescent shape at the nail base.

67
Q

Mast cells

A

Cells triggering inflammatory response post-injury.

68
Q

Granulation tissue

A

New connective tissue formed during healing.

69
Q

Keloid

A

Raised scar tissue formed after healing.

70
Q

Homeostasis

A

Stable internal environment maintained by body.

71
Q

Integumentary system functions

A

Protects, regulates temperature, synthesizes vitamin D.

72
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of salts, water, and wastes through skin.

73
Q

Immune response

A

Coordination against pathogens and skin cancers.

Anatomy (15 decks)

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