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Anatomy > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System

A

Includes brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

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2
Q

Neurons

A

Cells for intercellular communication in nervous tissue.

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3
Q

Neuroglia

A

Supportive cells essential for neuron function.

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4
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord; processes sensory data.

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5
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Nervous tissue outside CNS; connects to organs.

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6
Q

Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

A

Nervous system in digestive tract; 100 million neurons.

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7
Q

Afferent Division

A

Carries sensory information to the CNS.

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8
Q

Efferent Division

A

Carries motor commands away from the CNS.

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9
Q

Effectors

A

Target organs responding to motor commands.

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10
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

Controls voluntary and involuntary skeletal muscle.

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11
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

Controls subconscious actions like heart rate.

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12
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

Stimulates ‘fight or flight’ responses.

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13
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A

Promotes ‘rest and digest’ functions.

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14
Q

Dendrites

A

: Short branches receiving signals from other neurons.

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15
Q

Axon

A

Long projection carrying signals away from cell body.

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16
Q

Axonal Transport

A

Movement of materials between cell body and axon terminals.

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17
Q

Anaxonic Neurons

A

Small neurons with similar processes; found in brain.

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18
Q

Bipolar Neurons

A

One dendrite and one axon; rare in special senses.

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19
Q

Unipolar Neurons

A

Fused axon and dendrites; most sensory neurons.

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20
Q

Multipolar Neurons

A

One axon and multiple dendrites; common in CNS.

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21
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

Voltage difference across a neuron’s membrane at rest.

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22
Q

Action Potential

A

Rapid change in membrane potential; signal propagation.

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23
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between neurons for signal transmission.

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24
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers affecting postsynaptic membranes.

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25
Q

Information Processing

A

Integration and coordination of sensory and motor commands.

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26
Q

Cell Body (Soma)

A

Contains nucleus; maintains neuron function.

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27
Q

Dendritic Spines

A

: Fine processes on dendrites; increase surface area.

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28
Q

Axoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of axon; transports materials within neuron.

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29
Q

Perikaryon

A

Cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus in neuron.

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30
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produce energy for neuronal functions.

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31
Q

Somatic sensory neurons

A

Monitor external environment

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32
Q

Visceral sensory neurons

A

Monitor internal environment

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33
Q

Interoceptors

A

Monitor internal systems (e.g., digestive, urinary); Internal senses (stretch, deep pressure, pain)

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34
Q

Exteroceptors

A

Monitor external environment (e.g., temperature); Complex senses (e.g., sight, smell, hearing)

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35
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Monitor position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints

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36
Q

Motor neurons (efferent neurons)

A

Multipolar neurons that carry instructions from CNS to peripheral effectors via efferent fibers (axons)

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37
Q

Somatic motor neurons of SNS

A

Innervate skeletal muscles

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38
Q

Visceral motor neurons of ANS

A

Innervate all other peripheral effectors including smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue

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39
Q

Interneurons

A

Located between sensory and motor neurons; responsible for distribution of sensory information and coordination of motor activity

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40
Q

SAME

A

To distinguish between afferent and efferent: S - sensory, A - afferent, M - motor, E - efferent

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41
Q

Types of neuroglia in the CNS

A

Astrocytes, Ependymal cells, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia

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42
Q

Astrocytes

A

Have large cell bodies with many processes; maintain blood brain barrier, create framework for CNS, repair damaged tissue, guide neuron development

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43
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Cells with sheet-like processes that wrap around axons; produce multiple myelin sheaths that insulate myelinated axons

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44
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain; produce and monitor cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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45
Q

Microglia

A

Phagocytes that move through nervous tissue removing unwanted substances

46
Q

White matter

A

Regions of CNS with myelinated axons

47
Q

Gray matter

A

Regions of CNS that contains unmyelinated axons, neuron cell bodies, and dendrites

48
Q

Satellite cells

A

Neuroglia of the PNS that insulate neuronal cell bodies

49
Q

Schwann cells

A

Neuroglia of the PNS that insulate most axons

50
Q

Myelin sheath

A

An electrically insulating layer wrapped around the axon that increases speed of action potentials

51
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Naked areas of the axons located between adjacent myelin internodes that contain a high concentration of voltage-gated Na+ channels

52
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Clear, colorless body fluid found within the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord

53
Q

Neurodegenerative diseases

A

Diseases such as Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease where astrocytes lose normal homeostatic functions

54
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process by which microglia remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens

55
Q

Internodes

A

Myelinated segments of axon

56
Q

Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)

A

Produce myelin sheath around axons, consisting of multiple layers that are tightly packed.

57
Q

Neurolemma

A

Outer surface of Schwann cell.

58
Q

Membrane Potential

A

The difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of the cell, created by the difference in ion concentration.

59
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

The membrane potential of a resting cell, typically -70 mV.

60
Q

Graded potential

A

Temporary, localized change in resting potential caused by a stimulus.

61
Q

Action potential

A

An electrical impulse produced by graded potential that propagates along the surface of the axon to the synapse.

62
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

Contains high concentrations of Na+ and Cl-.

63
Q

Cytosol

A

Contains high concentrations of K+ and negatively charged proteins.

64
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

Sum of chemical and electrical forces acting on an ion across the membrane, a form of potential energy.

65
Q

Sodium-potassium exchange pump

A

Powered by ATP, it maintains the concentration gradients of Na+ and K+ across the plasma membrane by ejecting 3 Na+ for every 2 K+ brought in.

66
Q

Passive ion channels (leak channels)

A

Always open and their permeability changes with conditions.

67
Q

Active ion channels (gated ion channels)

A

Open and close in response to stimuli.

68
Q

Chemically gated ion channels

A

Open when they bind specific chemicals (e.g., ACh) and are found on cell body and dendrites of neurons.

69
Q

Voltage-gated ion channels

A

Respond to changes in membrane potential and are found in axons of neurons and sarcolemma of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells.

70
Q

Mechanically gated ion channels

A

Respond to physical distortion of membrane surface and are found in sensory receptors that respond to touch, pressure, or vibration.

71
Q

Graded potentials (local potentials)

A

Changes in membrane potential that vary according to the size of the stimulus and cannot spread far from the site of stimulation.

72
Q

Repolarization

A

When the stimulus is removed, membrane potential returns to normal.

73
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Results from opening K+ channels, where K+ moves out, increasing the negativity of the resting potential.

74
Q

Chemical Stimulus

A

Change in membrane potential due to chemicals.

75
Q

Depolarization

A

Membrane potential becomes less negative than resting.

76
Q

Graded Potentials

A

Variable changes in membrane potential; localized effects.

77
Q

All-or-None Principle

A

Action potential occurs fully or not at all.

78
Q

Threshold

A

Membrane potential required to trigger action potential.

79
Q

Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels

A

Channels that open at threshold, allowing Na+ influx.

80
Q

Rapid Depolarization

A

Quick increase in membrane potential due to Na+ influx.

81
Q

Inactivation of Na+ Channels

A

Closure of Na+ channels after peak depolarization.

82
Q

Activation of K+ Channels

A

Opening of K+ channels leads to repolarization.

83
Q

Repolarization Phase

A

Membrane potential returns to resting level after depolarization.

84
Q

Temporary Hyperpolarization

A

Membrane potential briefly drops below resting level.

85
Q

Local Currents

A

Passive spread of graded potentials in nearby areas.

86
Q

Excitable Membrane

A

Membrane capable of generating action potentials.

87
Q

Sodium Ion (Na+)

A

Positively charged ion crucial for depolarization.

88
Q

Potassium Ion (K+)

A

Positively charged ion involved in repolarization.

89
Q

Membrane Potential Change

A

Alteration in voltage due to ion movement.

90
Q

Excitation Threshold Range

A

Threshold for action potential is -60 to -55 mV.

91
Q

Restoration of Resting Potential

A

Membrane returns to -70 mV after action potential.

92
Q

Voltage-Gated Channels

A

Channels that open/close in response to voltage changes.

93
Q

Sodium ion

A

Positively charged ion crucial for action potentials.

94
Q

Potassium ion

A

Positively charged ion involved in repolarization.

95
Q

Refractory period

A

Time when membrane cannot respond to stimuli.

96
Q

Continuous propagation

A

Slow action potential movement in unmyelinated axons.

97
Q

Saltatory propagation

A

Fast action potential movement in myelinated axons.

98
Q

Axon diameter

A

Larger diameter increases action potential speed.

99
Q

Type A fibers

A

Myelinated, large diameter, fast (120 m/sec) transmission.

100
Q

Type B fibers

A

Myelinated, medium diameter, intermediate speed (18 m/sec).

101
Q

Type C fibers

A

Unmyelinated, small diameter, slow (1 m/sec) transmission.

102
Q

Electrical synapses

A

Direct contact allowing rapid ion passage.

103
Q

Chemical synapses

A

Signal transmission via neurotransmitters across synaptic cleft.

104
Q

Cholinergic synapses

A

Release acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions.

105
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Cause depolarization and promote action potentials.

106
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Cause hyperpolarization and suppress action potentials.

107
Q

Biogenic amines

A

Neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and dopamine.

108
Q

Postsynaptic potentials

A

Graded potentials in response to neurotransmitter binding.

109
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential; graded depolarization.

110
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential; graded hyperpolarization.

111
Q

Axoaxonic synapses

A

Synapses between axons of two neurons.

112
Q

Information processing

A

Integration of stimuli affecting action potential generation.

Anatomy (15 decks)

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