Chapter 6 Vocabulary Flashcards
Abductors
Muscles that draw a body part, such as finger, arm, or toe, Away from the midline of the body or of an extremity. Hand separates fingers.
Absorption
Transport of fully digested food into the circulatory system to feed the tissues and cells.
Adductors
Muscles that draw a body part, such as finger, arm, or toe,inward towards the median axis of the body or of extremity. Hand brings fingers together.
Adipose tissue
Specialized connective tissue (fat); gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushion.
Adrenal Glands
Glands that secrete 30 steroid hormones and control metabolic processes of the body
Anabolism: Metabolism
the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones
Anatomy
Study of the human body;
Angular Artery
Artery that supplies blood to the side of the nose
Anterior Auricular Artery
Artery that supplies blood to the front of the ear
Aorta
Body’s largest artery. The arterial truck that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body
Arteries
Thick walled muscular and flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries through the body
Arterioles
Small arteries that believer blood to capillaries
Atrioventricular valves
Valves are designed to prevent blood from flowing back into the pumping chamber
Atrium
Thin walled, upper chamber of the heart through which blood is pumped to the ventricles.
Auricularis anterior
Muscle in front of the ear that draws the ear forward
Auricularis posterior
Muscle behind the ear that draws the ears backward
Auricularis superior
Muscle above the ear that draws the ear upwards
Auriculotemporal nerve
Nerve that affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull.
Autonomic nervous system: ANS
part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles. Regulates action of the smooth muscles, blood vessels, and heart.
Axon
An Extension of neurons; which impulses are sent away from the cell body to other neurons, glands, and muscles
Belly
Middle part of the muscle
Biceps
Muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm
Blood
Nutritive fluid circulating through the circulatory system (heart, veins, arteries, & capillaries) to supply oxygen & nutrients to cells and tissue to remove carbon dioxide and waste.
Blood vessels
Tube like structure that transports blood to and from the heart, and to various tissues of the body; Ex arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
Body system
Systems; groups of bodily organs acting together to perform one or more functions. Human body is composed of 11 major systems.
Brachial artery
Located in the upper arm; the branchial artery is a major blood vessel which runs down the arm and ends by dividing into radial and ulnar arteries. Runs through the forearm.
Brain
Central nervous system contained in the cranium; Largest & most complex nerve tissue; Controls sensation, muscles, glandular activity, and power to think and feel.
Brain stem
Structure that connects the Spinal cord and brain.
Buccal nerve
Nerve that affects Muscles of the mouth
Buccinator
Thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips.
Capillaries
Tiny, thin walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins. Capillaries bring nutrients to the cells and carry away wasted materials.
Cardiac muscle
Involuntary muscle that is the heart.
Carpus
Wrist; a flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones held together by ligaments.
Catabolism
Phase of metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex compounds within the cells into smaller ones, often resulting in the release of energy to perform functions such as muscular efforts, secretions, or digestion.
Cell membrane
Part of the encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell.
Cells: Basic unit living thing
Minute mass of protoplasm capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life
Central nervous system: CNS
cerebrospinal nervous system; consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerve, and cranial nerves.
Cerebellum
Lies at the base of the cerebrum and is attached to the brain stem; Little brain
Cerebrum
Bulf of the brain and is located in the front upper part of the cranium.
Cervical cutaneous nerve
Nerve located on the side of the neck; it affects the front and side of the neck as far down the breastbone.
Cervical nerves
Nerves originate at the spinal cord; Branches supply the muscles and scalp behind the head & neck. Affects the side of the neck and platysma muscle.
Cervical vertebrae
7 bones of the top part of the vertebral column, located in the neck.
Circulatory system: Cardiovascular/Vascular system
it Controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels.
Clavicle
Collarbone; bone joining the sternum and scapula
Common carotid arteries
Arteries that supply to the face,head, and neck.
Connective tissue
Fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body such as bone, cartilage, and tendons.
Corrugator Muscle
Facial muscle that draws eyebrows down the wrinkles the forehead vertically.
Cranium
Oval, bony case that protects the brain
Cytoplasm
All the protoplasm of a cell except that which is in the nucleus; watery fluid containing food material necessary for cell growth, reproduction, and self repair.
Defecation
Elimination of feces from the body
Deltoid
Large triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body
Dendrites
Tree like branches of nerve fibers extending from a nerve cell; Nerve fibers carry impulses toward the cell and receive impulses from other neurons
Deoxyribonucleic acid: DNA
the blueprint material of genetic information that contains all the information that controls the function of every living cell
Depressor anguli oris
Triangularis muscle; muscle extranding alongside the chin that pulls down the corner of the mouth
Depressor labii inferioris
Quadratus labii inferioris; muscle surrounding the lower lip and depresses the lower lip and draws it to one side
Diaphragm
Muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing.
Diencephalon
Located in the uppermost part of the midbrain; consists of 2 parts the Thalamus & Hypothalamus
Digestion
Breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical means.
Digestive enzymes
Chemicals that change certain kinds of food into a form that can be used by the body.
Digestive system: Gastrointestinal system
responsible for changing food into nutrients & waste. Consists of the mouth, stomach, intestines, salivary and gastric glands.
Digital nerve
Sensory motor nerve; it branches and supplies impulses to the fingers
Eleventh cranial nerve
Accessory nerve; a motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles
Endocrine glands
Ductless glands; releases secretion called hormones directly into the bloodstream which in turn influence the welfare of the entire body.
Endocrine system
Specialized glands that affect the growth development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body.
Epicranial aponeurosis
Tendon connecting the occipitalis and the frontalis
Epicranius
Occipitofrontalis; the broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of the occipitalis and frontalis
Epithelial tissue
Protective covering of the body surfaces; Ex skin, mucous membranes, lining of the heart, digestive , respiratory organs and gland
Ethmoid bone
Light spongy bone between the eye socket that forms part of the nasal cavities.
Excretory system
Group of organs; Includes kidneys, liver, skin, large intestine, & lungs. They purify the body by eliminating waste matter
Exhalation
Breathing outward; expelling carbon dioxide from lungs
Exocrine glands
Duct glands; produces a substance that travels through small, tube-like ducts. Sweat and oil glands of the skin.
Extensors
Muscle that Straightens the wrist; hand, fingers to form a straight line.
External carotid artery
Artery that supplies blood to the anterior parts of the scalp, ear, face, neck, and sides of the heads
External jugular vein
Vein located on the side of the neck that carries that blood to the returning to the heart from the head, face, and neck
Facial artery
External maxillary artery; supplies blood to the lower region of the face, mouth, and nose
Fifth cranial nerve
Trifacial/Trigeminal nerve; it’s the chief sensory nerve of the face. Serves motor nerves of the muscles that control chewing. 3 branches.
Flexors
Extensor muscles of the wrist, involved in flexing the wrist
Frontal artery
Artery that supplies blood to the forehead and upper eyelids
Frontal bone
Bone forming forehead
Frontalis
Front anterior portion of the epicranius; muscle of the scalp that raises the eyebrow, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead.
Glands
Organs that remove certain elements from the blood to convert them into new compounds
Greater auricular nerve
Nerve at the side of the neck affecting the face, ears, neck, and parotid.
Greater occipital nerve
Nerve located in the Back of the head; affects the scalp as far up as the top of the head
Heart
Muscular cone shaped organ that keeps blood moving within the circulatory system
Hemoglobin
Iron containing protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen.
Histology
Microscopic anatomy; the study of the structure composition of tissue
Hormones
Secretion produced by one of the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream or body fluid to another part of the body, or an organ, to stimulate functional activity or secretion, such as insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen.
Humerus
Largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder.
Hyoid bone
U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscle
Inferior labial artery
Supplies blood into lower lip
Infraorbital artery
Artery that originates from the internal maxillary artery and supplies blood to the eye muscle.
Infraorbital nerve
Nerve that affects the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, upper lip, and mouth.
Infratrochlear nerve
Nerve that affects the membrane and skin of the nose.
Ingestion
Eating or taking food into the body
Inhalation
Breathing in through the nose or mouth, and thus oxygen is absorbed by the blood.
Insertion
Point where the skeletal muscle is attached to a bone or other more movable body part.
Integumentary system
The skin and its accessory organs, such as oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails.
Internal carotid artery
Artery that supplies blood to the brain, eyes, eyelids, forehead, nose, and internal ear.
Internal jugular vein
Vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck.
Interstitial fluid
Blood plasma found in the spaces between tissues
Joint
Connection between two or more bones of the skeleton.
Kidney
One of the organs which supports the excretory system by eliminating water and waste products.
Lacrimal bones
Small, thin bones located in the anterior medial wall of the orbits.
Lateral pterygoid
Muscles that coordinate with the masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw forward; sometimes referred to as chewing muscles.
Latissimus dorsi
Large, flat, triangular muscle covering the lower back.
Levator anguli oris
Caninus; is a muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward.
Levator labii superioris
Quadratus labii superioris; muscle surrounding the upper lip that elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostrils, as in the expressing distaste.
Liver
Organ that supports the excretory system by removing toxic waste products of digestion.
Lungs
Spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide during one respiratory cycle.
Lymph
Clear yellowish fluid that circulates in the lymph spaces of the body; carries waste and impurities away from the cells
Lymph capillaries
Lymphatic vessels that occur in clusters and are distributed throughout most of the body
Lymph nodes
Gland like structures found inside lymphatic vessels; filter the lymphatic vessels and help fight infection
Lymphatic/Immune system
an organ system in vertebrates that is part of the immune system, and complementary to the circulatory system. It consists of a large network of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic or lymphoid organs, and lymphoid tissues.
Mandible
Lower jawbone; largest and strongest bone of the fae
Mandibular nerve
Branches off the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the muscles and skin of the lower part of the face; the nerve that affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip
Masseter
A muscle that coordinates with the temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw forward; sometimes referred to as chewing muscles.
Maxillary bones
Forms the upper jaw
Maxillary nerve
Branches of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the upper part of the face
Medial pterygoid
Muscle that coordinates with the masseter, temporalis, and lateral pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw forward; sometimes referred to as chewing muscles
Medium nerve
Nerve smaller than the ulnar and radial nerve, that supplies the arm and hand
Melasma
Pregnancy mask; skin condition that is triggered by hormones that causes darker pigmentation in areas such as on the upper lip and around the eyes and cheeks
Mental nerve
Nerve that affects the skin of the lower lip and chin
Mantalis
Muscles that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin
Metabolism
1/ Chemicals process taking place in living organisms whereby the cells are nourished and carry out their activities. 2/ The process of changing food into forms the body can use as energy Metabolism consists of two parts; anabolism and catabolism
Metacarpus
Palm; consists of five long, slender bones called metacarpal bones
Middle temporal artery
Artery that supplies blood to the temples
Mitosis
Cells divided into two new cells (daughter cells); usual process of cell reproduction of human tissue
Mitral valve
Bicuspid valve; valve from the left atrium, the blood flows through the left ventricle.
Motor nerve
Efferent nerves; carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands. These transmitted impulses produce movement
Muscle tissue
Tissue that contracts and moves various parts of the body
Muscular system
Body system that covers, shapes, and supports the skeleton tissue; moves various parts of the body
Myology
Study of nature, structure, function, and diseases of the muscle
Nasal bone
Bones that form the bridge of the nose
Nasal nerve
Nerve that affects the point and lower sides of the nose
Nasalis muscle
Two part muscle that cover the nose
Nerve tissue
Tissues that controls and coordinates all body functions
Nerves
Whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue, through which impulses are transmitted
Nervous system
Body system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Controls and coordinates all systems to work efficiently together.
Neurology
Scientific study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system.
Neuron/Nerve cell
Basic unit of the nervous system, consisting of a call body, nucleus, dendrites, and axon.
Nonstriated muscles
Involuntary, visceral, or smooth muscles; function automatically without conscious will
Nucleoplasm
Fluid within the nucleus of the cell that contains proteins and DNA; determines our genetic makeup
Nucleus
1/ In histology the dense, active protoplasm found in the center of a eukaryotic cell that acts as the genetic control center; it plays an important role in cell reproduction and metabolism. 2/ In chemistry, the center of the atom, where protons and neutrons are located.
Occipital artery
Artery that supplies blood to the skin and muscles of the scalp and back of the head up to the crown
Occipital bone
Hindmost bone of the skull, below the parietal bones; forms the back of the skull above the nape.
Occipitalis
Back of the epicranius; muscle that draws the scalp backward
Ophthalmic nerve
Brunch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the skin of the forehead, upper eyelids, and interior portion of the scalp, orbit, eyeball, and nasal passage.
Orbicularis oculi
Ring muscle of the eye socket; closes the eyelid
Orbicularis oris
Flat band around the upper and lower lips that compresses, crtracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips
Organelle
Small structures or miniature organs within a cell that have their own function
Organs
Structures composed of specialized tissues and performing specific functions in plants and animals
Origin
Part of the muscle that doesn’t move; attached to the skeleton and part of the skeleton muscle
Os
Bone/Osteoarthritis; a join disease
Osteology
Study of anatomy, structure, and functions of the bones
Ovaries
Sexual reproductive; determines male and female sexual characteristics
Palatine bones
Two bones that form the hard palate of the mouth
Pancreas
Secretes enzymes producing cells that are responsible for digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The islet of Langerhans cells within the pancreas control insulin and glucagon production
Parasympathetic division
Part of the autonomic nervous system; it operates under normal non stressful situations, such as resting. It also helps to restore calm and balance to the body after a stressful event.
Parathyroid glands
Regulate blood calcium and phosphorus levels so that the nervous and muscular systems can function properly
Parietal artery
Artery that supplies blood to the side and crown of the head
Parietal bones
Bones that form the sides and top of the cranium
Pectoralis major & minor
Muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm
Pericardium
Double layered membranous sac enclosing the heart; made of epithelial tissue
Peripheral nervous system: PNS
system of nerves and ganglia that connects the peripheral parts of the body to the central nervous system.
Peristalsis
Moving food along the digestive tract
Phalanges (singular)
Digits; bones in the fingers; 3 in each finger & 2 in each thumb.
Physiology
Study of function or activities performed by the body structure
Pineal gland
Gland located in the brain. Plays major role is sexual development, sleep, and metabolism
Pituitary Gland
Gland from the center of the head. Most complex organ of the endocrine system. Affects almost every physiologic process of the body: growth, blood pressure, breast milk production, etc.
Plasma
Fluid part of the blood and lymph that carries food and secretion to the cells and carbon dioxide from cells.
Platelets
Thrombocytes; contributes clotting processes, which stops bleeding.
Platysma
Broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for depressing the lower jaw and lip
Posterior auricular artery
Supplies blood to scalp, behind and above the ear
Posterior auricular nerve
Nerve that affects the muscle behind the ear at the base of the skull
Procerus
Muscle that covers the bridge of the nose, depresses the eyebrow, and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose
Pronators
Muscles that turn the hand inward so that the palm faces downward.
Protoplasm
Colorless, jelly-like substance in cells; contains food elements like proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water.
Pulmonary circulation
Sends blood from the heart to the lungs to be purified, then back to the heart
Radial artery
Artery along with numerous branches, that supplies blood to the thumb side of the arm and the back of the head; supplies the muscles of the skin, hands, fingers, wrist, elbow, and forearm.
Radial artery
Artery along with numerous branches, that supplies blood to the thumb side of the arm and the back of the head; supplies the muscles of the skin, hands, fingers, wrist, elbow, and forearm.
Radial Nerve
Nerve that branches, supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand
Radius
Smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb
Red blood cells
Red corpuscles or erythrocytes; produces red bone marrow, blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and transport carbon dioxide and back to the lungs
Reflex
Automatic reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord.
Reproductive system
Body system that performs functions of the producing offspring passes genetic code from one generation to another. Make babies.
Respiration
Inhaling and exhaling; act of breathing
Respiratory system
Body system consisting of the lungs and air; breathing; supplies the body with oxygen.
Ribs
12 bones forming the wall of the thorax
Risorius
Muscle of the mouth that draws the corner of the mouth out and back.
Scapula
Shoulder blade; on large pair of flat triangular bone of the shoulder
Sensory nerves
Afferent nerves; carry impulses or messages from the sense organs to the brain. Senses: youch, colf, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, & pressure. Nerve endings are receptors.
Serratus anterior
Muscle of the chest that assists in breathing and in raising the arm
Seventh cranial nerve
Facial nerve; it is the chief motor nerve of the facia. Emerges near the lower part to the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck
Skeletal system
Physical foundation of the body, composed of the bones and movable and immovable joints.
Skin
External protective coating that covers the body. The body’s largest organ.
Smaller occipital nerve
Laser occipital nerve; located at the base of the skull, affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear
Sphenoid bone
Bone that joins all the bones of the cranium together
Spinal cord
Portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain, brain to the column/but.
Sternocleidomastoid
SCM; muscle of the neck that depresses and rotated the head
Sternum: Breastbone
that flat bone forms the ventral support of the ribs
Striated muscle
Skeletal or voluntary muscle; attached to the bones and make up a large percentage of body mass.
Submental artery
Supplies blood to the chin and lower lip
Superficial temporal artery
A continuation of the external carotid nerve artery; supplies blood to the muscle of the front, side, and top of the head.
Supinator
Muscle of the forearm that rotates the radius outward and the palm upward
Supraorbital artery
Supplies blood to the upper eyelid and forehead
Supraorbital nerve
Nerve affects the skin of the forehead, scalp, eyebrow, and upper eyelid
Supratrochlear Nerve
Nerve affects the skin between the eyes and upper side nose
Sympathetic division
Part of the nervous system that stimulates or speeds up activity and prepares the body for stressful situations.
Systemic or general circulation
Circulation of blood from the heart throughout the body and back again to the heart
Temporal bones
Bones forming the sides of the head in the ear region
Temporal nerve
Nerve affecting the muscles of the temple, sides of the forehead, eyebrows, & upper cheek
Temporalis muscle
One muscle that involves chewing
Testes
Male organ used for reproduction.
Thorax
Chest/pulmonary trunk; consists of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae.
Thyroid gland
Glands in the neck; controls how quickly the body burns energy (metabolism). Make protein.
Tibial nerve
Division of the Sciatic nerve, passes behind the knee. Subdivides and supplies impulses to the knee, the muscle of the calf, the skin of the leg, sole, heel, and underside of the toes
Tissue
Collection of similar cells that perform a particular function.
Transverse facial artery
Supplies blood to the skin and the masseter
Trapezius
Muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back. Stabilizes the scapula and the shrugging of the shoulders
Triceps
Largest muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm.
Tricuspid valve
Heart valve that prevents backflow between the right atrium and the right verticle
Turbinal bones
Thin layer of the spongy bone on either of the outer walls of the nasal depression
Ulna
Inner and larger bone of the forearm, attached to the wrist on the side of the little finger
Ulnar artery
Supplies blood to the muscle of the little finger side of the arm and palm of the hand
Ulnar nerve
Sensory motor nerve, it branches; affects the little finger and palm of the hand
Valves
Structures the temporarily close a passage or permit flow in the one direction only
Vascular system
Body system consists of the heart, veins, and capillaries for distribution of blood throughout the body
Veins
Thin walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries. They prevent backflow and carry impure blood from various capillaries back to the heart
Ventricle
Thick walled; lower chamber of the heart that receives blood pumped from the atrium. Right & left ventricle.
Venules
Small vessels that connect the capillaries to the veins. They collect blood from the capillaries and drain it to the veins
Vomer bone
Flat thin bone; Forms part of the nasal septum
White blood cells
White corpuscles or leukocytes; Perform the function of destroying disease causing germs
Zygomatic bones
Malar bone or cheekbones; Bones that form the prominence of the cheeks
Zygomatic nerve
Nerve that affects the skin of the temple, sides of the forehead and upper part of the cheek
Zygomaticus major & minor
Muscles on both sides of the face that extend from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth.
