Chapter 6 - Hose Nozzles and Flow Rates Flashcards
1
Q
To provide proper pressure and volume, a driver must be knowledgeable of the WHAT of each handline, nozzle and master stream appliance.
A
capabilities
2
Q
__________ pressure, _______ design and adjustments as well as the condition of the nozzle _____ affect the condition of the stream as it leaves the nozzle.
A
- operating
- nozzle
- orifice
3
Q
What does the water form as it leaves the orifice? A. fire stream B. pressure C. water line D. flow
A
A. fire stream
4
Q
What can influence the fire stream until it reaches it’s destination? (4)
- v
- g
- w
- f with a
A
- velocity
- gravity
- wind
- friction with air
5
Q
Optimum flow rate and discharge pressures that a driver insures are applied to each fire stream will help achieve WHAT at incident operations? A. maximum flow B. maximum efficiency C. maximum water resistance D. maximum help
A
B. maximum efficiency
6
Q
How many types of nozzles that produce basic fire streams are there in the fire service?
A
3
7
Q
What are the 3 types of nozzles in the fire service that produce 3 types of streams?
A
- solid
- fog
- broken stream
8
Q
What kind of stream is produced with a fixed orifice and a smooth bore nozzle?
A
solid fire stream
9
Q
What stream is described as tight with little spray or shower effect?
A
solid fire stream
10
Q
Where can you find a solid fire stream? (2)
A
handlines and all types of master stream appliances
11
Q
WHAT stream nozzle is designed so that the water flowing through the nozzle is gradually reduced until just before the orifice?
A
solid stream nozzle
12
Q
A solid stream nozzle is designed so that the water flowing through the nozzle is gradually reduced until just before the orifice. What gives the solid stream nozzle fire stream is round shape at discharge?
A
when the nozzle becomes a cylindrical bore
13
Q
A solid stream nozzle is designed so that the water flowing through the nozzle is gradually reduced until just before the orifice. At this point, the nozzle becomes a cylindrical bore and gives the water a round shape at discharge. The smooth waterway of the nozzle allows the stream to maximize what?
A
its effective reach
14
Q
The nozzle _______ and ____ of the discharge determine the flow and reach of a solid stream.
A
- pressure
- size
15
Q
Solid stream nozzles on handlines should generally be operated at a maximum pressure of _____ psi.
A
50
16
Q
Solid stream nozzles on master streams should generally be operated at a maximum pressure of _____ psi.
A
80
17
Q
Why might a driver need to determine the amount of water discharged from a solid stream nozzle?
A. perform friction loss calculations
B. determine pump discharge pressure
C. to test the water supply when a nozzle is attached to a HYDRANT
D. all of the above
A
D. all of the above
18
Q
What is the formula to determine discharge rate?
GPM = _____ x d² x √__
A
GPM = 29.7 x d² x √NP
19
Q
In the formula to determine discharge rate, GPM = 29.7 x d² x √NP, what does GPM mean?
A
DISCHARGE in gallons per minute
20
Q
In the formula to determine discharge rate, GPM = 29.7 x d² x √NP, what does 29.7 represent?
A
a constant
21
Q
In the formula to determine discharge rate, GPM = 29.7 x d² x √NP, what does d stand for?
A
diameter of the orifice in INCHES
22
Q
In the formula to determine discharge rate, GPM = 29.7 x d² x √NP, what does NP stand for?
A
nozzle pressure in pounds per square inch (psi)
23
Q
What 2 things must you know about a solid stream nozzle in order to determine water flow from the formula GPM = 29.7 x d² x √NP?
A
nozzle pressure
and
tip diameter
24
Q
In order for a stream of water to be broken into finely divided particles, it must be driven against an WHAT with sufficient force to diffuse the water shatter the mass?
A
obstruction
25
What will determine the forward velocity of the stream of water as well as its pattern or shape? (fog nozzle stream)
the angle of deflection off the surface of the obstruction it encounters
26
A wide deflection of a fog nozzle stream will produce a narrow -angle fog pattern and a narrow deflection will produce a wide-angle fog pattern. TRUE or FALSE
false. wide deflection = wide-angle fog pattern
| narrow deflection = narrow-angle fog pattern
27
What are the 3 types of fog nozzle patterns?
1. straight stream
2. wide fog
3. narrow fog
28
What angles of water do a narrow fog pattern create?
15° - 45°
29
What angles of water do wide fog pattern create?
45° - 80°
30
What may be produced by deflection at the periphery, by impinging jets of water, or a combination of these methods?
a fog stream
31
```
What type of fog streams are produced by deflecting water around an inside circular stem in the nozzle? The water is then deflected by the exterior barrel of the nozzle.
A. wide
B. narrow
C. periphery-deflected
D. none of these
```
C. periphery-deflected stream
32
What will determine the shape of the fog stream in a periphery-deflected stream?
the position of the stem relative to the EXTERIOR barrel
33
What nozzle breaks water into fine, evenly divided particles by driving several jets of water together at an angle?
impinging stream nozzles
34
Impinging stream nozzles most often produce this type of fog pattern...(although a narrow pattern is possible)
wide-angle
35
Can impinging jets be used in some periphery deflected stream nozzles? YES OR NO
YES
36
What is directly related to its width, the size of water particles (droplets), the wind and the volume of water flow? (fog streams)
the reach of a fog stream
37
```
What kind of fog nozzle is designed to flow a specific volume of water on all stream patterns at a specific nozzle discharge pressure?
A. adjustable gallonage
B. automatic
C. high pressure
D. constant flow
```
D. constant flow
38
What kind of stream do most constant flow fog nozzles feature?
periphery-deflected stream
39
Are constant flow fog nozzles equipped with adjustable pattern ranges? YES or NO
YES
40
What will happen if you rotate the exterior of the barrel on a constant flow fog nozzle? (principle of operation)
change the pattern setting
41
During rotation to change the pattern of a constant flow fog nozzle, the space between the deflecting stem and the interior throat of the nozzle remains the _____, allowing for the discharge of a _____ gallonage of water on all pattern settings.
- same
| - fixed
42
Most constant flow fog nozzles are designed to operate at a nozzle pressure of ___ psi. (but some are 50 or 75 psi)
100
43
Can some constant flow fog nozzles operate at a different pressure than the most common 100 psi? What flow if YES?
50 or 75 psi
44
What are the 4 types of fog nozzles?
1. constant flow
2. selectable gallonage
3. automatic
4. high pressure
45
What type of fog nozzle allows the firefighter operating the handline to select the flow rate to suit fire AND operating conditions?
selectable gallonage
46
On a selectable gallonage fog nozzle, the driver must supply the proper WHAT or the handline will not achieve the gallonage selected at the nozzle?
pressure
47
What pressure are MOST selectable gallonage fog nozzles designed to flow the gallonage indicated? (some are lower)
100 psi
48
```
Selectable gallonage nozzles and constant flow nozzles are similar in that when properly supplied, both discharge WHAT?
A. predetermined gallonages
B. fog streams
C. water
D. wide fog stream patterns
```
A. predetermined gallonages
49
When operating this type of fog nozzle, a driver sets its discharge gallonage with a specified range before use.
selectable gallonage fog nozzle
50
What in the department may specify predetermined discharge gallonage for selectable gallonage nozzles?
SOPs
51
SOPs may specify predetermined discharge gallonage for selectable gallonage nozzles. Who's specifications are constant flow fog nozzles gallonages based on?
manufacturer of the nozzle
52
In order to properly calculate friction loss and determine an appropriate pump discharge pressure for a selectable gallonage nozzle, the driver must know what?
the gallonage setting (from the ff operating the handline)
53
What type of fog nozzle are a type of variable flow nozzle with the ability to change patterns while maintaining the same nozzle pressure?
automatic fog nozzles
54
If the gallonage supplied to an automatic fog nozzle changes, the automatic nozzle _______ to maintain virtually the same _____ and consistency of p______.
- adjusts
- pressure
- pattern
55
On an automatic fog nozzle, WHAT is created when a spring-activated device in the nozzle constricts or expands the space between the baffle and the interior throat of the nozzle depending on the water pressure to maintain virtually the same pressure and consistency of pattern?
it adjusts
56
What would cause the stream of an automatic fog nozzle to not flow sufficient water for fire suppression, even if it may appear adequate?
A. the operator
B. not applying the proper discharge pressure
C. not supplying the proper GPM
D. waiting too long to charge the line
B. not applying the proper discharge pressure
57
_______ ________ adjust to fluctuating water flow to maintain effective pressure and a consistent fire stream in all flow ranges.
automatic nozzles
58
What are most fog nozzles designed to operate at?
100 psi
59
Can some fog nozzles operate at 75 or 50 psi?
YES
60
Within the limits of its design, an ________ nozzle maintains its constant operating _______ even if the pump discharge pressure rises above this level.
- automatic
| - pressure
61
What does an automatic nozzle do to its opening size as pump pressure increases (within a specific range) to compensate for the increased flow?
enlarges
62
Up to what psi do high pressure fog nozzles operate?
800 psi
63
What fog nozzle produces a stream with significant forward velocity, but a relatively low volume of water delivery?
high pressure fog nozzle
64
What features a fast moving/fine spray and may use an impinging stream?
high pressure fog nozzles
65
```
What are high pressure fog nozzles best suited for?
A. structural fires
B. dumpster fires
C. car fires
D. wildland fires
```
D. wildland fires
66
Why are high pressure fog nozzles recommended for structural fire fighting?
due to their low water flow of only 8 to 15 gpm
67
How much is the water flow for a high pressure fog nozzle?
8 - 15 gmp
68
Depending on dept policy, a driver may aid in WHAT regarding the nozzles during suppression operations?
the selection of the correct nozzle
69
What is the size range for handline nozzles?
3/4 inch to nozzle for a 3-inch diameter hose
70
What is another name for 3/4 inch nozzle?
booster line
71
What is generally the maximum flow for a handline?
350 gpm
72
What will happen if you have a flow of 350 gpm or more on a handline?
nozzle reaction that is difficult or dangerous
73
What are master stream nozzles capable in excess in water flow?
350 gpm
74
```
A master stream nozzle must be properly WHAT for safe operations because they produce higher flow rates?
A. secured
B. stored
C. looked after
D. none of the above
```
A. secured
75
Master stream nozzles can produce what kind of streams? (2)
solid or fog
76
What stream APPLIANCE is generally operated during incidents where handlines would be ineffective, conditions require a defensive posture, or personnel are limited?
master stream appliance
77
Smooth bore streams on master streams are generally operated at what psi?
80 psi
78
Fog appliances on master streams are generally operated at what psi?
100 psi
79
In addition to their large flow capability, WHAT offers ff the ability to operate at a greater distance from the fire, taking advantage of a longer reach than handheld streams?
master streams
80
What types of nozzles are designed for use from a fixed position?
master stream nozzles
81
These appliances generally change the direction of water through the device in order to reduce nozzle reaction and achieve delivery of the fire stream.
master stream appliances
82
```
Water must do WHAT in a master stream appliance. This creates friction in the appliance.
A. become steam
B. pass through one or more sharp bends
C. slow down
D. all of the above
```
B. pass through one or more sharp bends
83
Is friction loss in a master stream device assumed to be a specific number? What should each jurisdiction do to determine the actual loss of their specific equipment?
- Yes
| - field test
84
What are fixed, combination and portable (types of something)?
master stream appliances
85
Do fixed, combination and portable master stream monitors have the ability to change the stream direction or angle while water is being discharged?
YES
86
```
What kind of master stream monitor is commonly called a deck gun and permanently mounted on the apparatus?
A. portable monitor
B. combination monitor
C. both A and B
D. fixed monitor
```
D. fixed monitor
87
```
What kind of master stream monitor may be used in a mount on the apparatus OR removed and used remotely from the vehicle?
A. portable monitor
B. combination monitor
C. both A and B
D. fixed monitor
```
B. combination monitor
88
```
What kind of master stream monitor often has flow limitations when they are removed from the apparatus and placed on the ground?
A. portable monitor
B. combination monitor
C. both A and B
D. fixed monitor
```
B. combination monitor
89
```
What kind of master stream monitor is stored on the apparatus for deployment to the location where they are used?
A. portable monitor
B. combination monitor
C. both A and B
D. fixed monitor
```
A. portable monitor
90
```
What type of master stream may be pre-plumbed and permanently attached to an aerial ladder, platform or other aerial device OR as a detachable appliance designed to be set up only when needed?
A. portable monitor
B. combination monitor
C. elevated master stream
D. fixed monitor
```
C. elevated master stream
91
A detachable ______ pipe is one such device used in conjunction with an aerial ladder. Movement of ladder pipes is limited to a _______ up and down motion. This action is accomplished by placing a ____________ at the tip or by using of ropes with a detachable ladder pipe.
- ladder
- vertical
- firefighter
92
What type of waterway on an aerial generally features a master stream that may be remotely controlled from the rigs turntable and is generally able to move BOTH up and down and side to side?
A. detachable water pipe
B. pre-piped waterway
C. handline pulled up to the tip of the ladder
D. high pressure nozzle on the tip of a 3 inch hose
B. pre-piped waterway
93
What is the difference between a pre-plumbed aerial LADDER and a master stream found on an elevating platform? (although similar in design)
master stream is attached to platform for easy control by ff operating from the platform
94
Can an elevated master stream on a platform have more than one master stream? YES or NO
YES
95
For use in unusual locations or specific fuels, what might a jurisdiction have that is unique to their needs but not required by NFPA 1901?
special purpose nozzles
96
For correct use and operating pressures, who should a driver consult for special purpose nozzles?
manufacturers
97
What kind of special purpose nozzle is lowered through holes or other openings to the cellar of an occupancy? Also for attic or other void space fires.
cellar nozzle
98
What should be inserted at a location back from the cellar nozzle to increase safety and ease of operation?
WHY?
- inline shut off valve
| - because some are not equipped with shut-offs
99
What is another name for a cellar nozzle? Is there a difference between a cellar nozzle and this other name?
- distributor
| - yes, distributors have unique flow rates (may be different than cellar nozzle)
100
```
What kind of special purpose nozzles are commonly used in aircraft fire fighting, car fires, or to apply water to voids, attics or other areas inaccessible to standard fire streams?
A. piercing nozzle
B. penetrating nozzle
C. puncture nozzle
D. piercing applicator nozzle
E. all of the above
```
E. all of the above
101
The piercing nozzle is generally designed as a _ to _ foot hollow steel rod _ _/_ inches in diameter.
- 3 to 6
| - 1 ½
102
The tip of a piercing nozzle is made of what that comes to a point?
hardened steel
103
What is the hardened steel point of the piercing nozzle capable of driving through?
concrete block and other building material
104
What is the impinging jet nozzle of the harden tip of a piercing nozzle capable of flowing in gpm and at what psi?
- 125 gpm
| - 100 psi
105
What is at the opposite end of the piercing nozzle that allows the device to be driven with a sledgehammer or maul axe through various obstructions?
striking surface
106
What type of special purpose nozzle is designed to suppress fires in chimney flues and supplied by a booster line?
chimney nozzle
107
How much gpm does a chimney nozzle flow?
1.5 to 3 gpm
108
What special purpose nozzle consists of a solid piece of brass or steel with many small impinging holes?
chimney nozzle
109
How much pressure should a chimney nozzle be supplied with?
100 psi
110
The impinging ______ of the chimney nozzle produce a very fine ______ which turns to steam in the hot interior of the chimney ____.
- holes
- mist
- flue
111
```
As water is discharged from a nozzle at a given pressure, a counterforce pushes back against ff operating the hoseline. This is called......
A. nozzle problems
B. operator error
C. nozzle interaction
D. nozzle reaction
```
D. nozzle reaction
112
What is illustrated by Newton's Third Law of Motion: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction? (something to do with nozzles and pressures)
nozzle reaction
113
What is one of the limitation of nozzle pressure? (2 things to do with the firefighter on the line)
- ability of firefighters to withstand the resulting nozzle reaction
- and after this reaction to safely operate the hoseline
114
```
Above 100 psi, handlines become WHAT for firefighters attempting to advance and maneuver during fire suppression operations.
A. easier
B. operational
C. lighter
D. unwieldy
```
D. unwieldy
115
Portable master stream devices should be operated at what pressure?
pressures not to exceed manufacturer's recommendations
116
Generally, fixed master stream appliances are required to flow at what pressure?
80 psi
117
Should you as a driver be familiar with the nozzle reaction that a fire attack team will encounter from preconnected attack lines and nozzle choices on your rig that you did not determine as the best configuration?
YES
118
Should you determine realistic layouts for jurisdictional requirements and personnel availability to help ensure SAFETY and EFFICIENCY on the fireground?
YES
119
What formula does NR = 1.57 x d² x NP determine?
nozzle reaction for a solid stream nozzle
120
In the formula NR = 1.57 x d² x NP, nozzle reaction for a solid stream nozzle, NR equals...
nozzle reaction in pounds
121
In the formula NR = 1.57 x d² x NP, nozzle reaction for a solid stream nozzle, 1.57 represents.....
a constant
122
In the formula NR = 1.57 x d² x NP, nozzle reaction for a solid stream nozzle, d represents....
nozzle diameter in inches
123
In the formula NR = 1.57 x d² x NP,nozzle reaction for a solid stream nozzle, NP represents.....
nozzle pressure in pounds per square inch
124
What does Q in NR = Q/3 mean?
total flow of water in gpm
125
NR = Q/3 is a simple guideline for the cutomary system of measurement. Where can this be used to achieve the APPROXIMATE solid stream nozzle reaction?
on the fire ground
126
What is the formula for calculating nozzle reaction in FOG nozzles?
NR = 0.0505 x Q X √NP
127
In the formula to calculate nozzle reaction in FOG streams, NR = 0.0505 x Q X √NP, NR represents.....
nozzle reaction in pounds
128
In the formula to calculate nozzle reaction in FOG streams, NR = 0.0505 x Q X √NP, 0.0505 is.....
a constant
129
In the formula to calculate nozzle reaction in FOG streams, NR = 0.0505 x Q X √NP, Q is.......
total flow through the nozzle in gallons per minute/gpm
130
In the formula to calculate nozzle reaction in FOG streams, NR = 0.0505 x Q X √NP, NP equals.....
nozzle pressure in pounds per square inch (psi)
131
```
In the formula to calculate nozzle reaction in FOG streams, NR = 0.0505 x Q X √NP, Q should not be confused with the Q expressed in the friction loss formula. The Q in the friction loss formula is equal to WHAT?
A. flow/100
B. 300
C. quality of flow
D. none of the above
```
A. flow/100
