Chapter 5 - Principles of Water Flashcards
The ______ must understand factors that influence water supply ______ and how the availability of water for fire suppression is achieved using a variety of ______.
- driver/operator
- capability
- methods
What is the most common weapon in the FF’s arsenal?
water
You must understand why water is an effective WHAT and the physics of WHAT kind of water?
- extinguishing agent
- moving
Below 32 degrees F (0C), water becomes a solid called?
ice
Above 212 degrees F (100C) is called the WHAT of water? it converts to what? (3)
- boiling point
- gas, water vapor or steam
You can see water vapor? TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
When can you start to see water vapor?
when it rises away from the surface of liquid and begins to CONDENSE
Water is considered virtually incompressible? TRUE or FALSE
true
Does waters weight vary with temperature? YES OR NO
YES
Water’s density (weight per unit of volume) is measured in WHAT per cubic foot?
pounds
For fire protection, fresh water is considered to weigh ____lb/ft3 or ____ lb/gal.
- 62.4
- 8.3
When water smothers a fire, it does this?
excludes oxygen
Can water heat or contribute heat to a fire?
No, it cools and absorbs
What kind of combustible liquid can water smother?
those with a specific gravity greater than 1
What is the specific gravity of water?
1
Within a closed space, how might water smother a fire?
when it converts to steam
Does gas have a higher or lower specific gravity than water?
lower, .72-.76
Does Methylene Chloride have a higher or lower specific gravity than water?
higher, 1.33
Pressure in this manual means force per unit area or?
pounds per square foot/pounds per square inch
What is pressure confused with?
force
Force is a simple measure of WHAT?
weight
Force is measured in WHAT?
pounds or newtons or kilograms
What force is “force” directly related to?
the force of gravity, the amount of attraction the earth has for all bodies
If several objects are placed on a flat surface and are all the same size and weight, they exert the same WHAT on that surface?
force
What influence can cause a change in the speed, direction or shape of a substance?
force
The force exerted by water is based on the impact of its _____ within a specific area.
weight
To understand how force is determined, you mus know the _____ of water and the ____ that a column of water occupies
- weight
- height
What is the weight of 1 cubic foot of water?
62.4 pounds
How many principles of pressure are there?
6
What is determined by the pressure on the fluid as well as the size of the orifice through which it is flowing?
the speed at which a fluid travels
What is speed of a fluid often called?
velocity
Is it important to identify the type of pressure when connected to fluids? Why or why not
YES - it has a broad range of meaning
What must a driver understand before they can understand the types of pressures on fluids?
the principles of fluids
The FIRST(of 6) principle of pressure states that fluid pressure is _______ to any surface on which it acts.
perpendicular
In the first principle of pressure, if the fluid pressure was not exerted perpendicular to any surface on which it acted, what would happen to the fluid if pressure was exerted in any other direction?
the liquid would move downward along the sides and rise at the center
The SECOND (of 6) principle of pressure states that fluid pressure at a point in fluid at rest is the same _________ in all ________.
- intensity
- directions
What testing process uses the second principle of pressure (fluid pressure at a point in fluid at rest is the same intensity in all directions.
hydrostatic testing
The THIRD principle of pressure (of 6) states that pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted ______ in all directions.
equally
How is the third principle of pressure illustrated in the book?
All pressures will be the same if…(2)
-hollow sphere with water pump attached and series of gauges all around, all gauges will register the same with pressure
-there is no change in elevation
and
-they are on the same grade line
Why would the gauge at the bottom of a 100 ft tall standpipe read 100 psi (100psi is applied) at the top, but 143.4 psi at the bottom? (according to the 3rd principle of pressure)
because of the weight of the water in the standpipe
Why are pressure-regulating devices installed in high rise buildings?
increase in water pressure requirements necessary for the height of buildings
What does a pressure-regulating device on a high-rise do for people on lower floors?
higher floors?
- more easily control hoselines
- use higher pressure required higher
The FOURTH principle of pressure (of 6) states that in an open vessel, pressure of a liquid is proportional to its _________.
depth
Three vertical containers with different depths, but the same cross-sectional area, help describe which principle of pressure?
fourth
The FIFTH principle of pressure (of 6) states that pressure of a liquid in an open vessel is proportional to the _____ of the liquid.
density
Two vessels containing different depths of different density liquids, but the same pressure at the bottom due to different specific gravity shows what principle of pressure?
fifth
How mush denser is mercury than water?
13.55 times
The SIXTH principle of pressure (of 6) states that the pressure of a liquid at the bottom of a vessel is ________of the shape of the vessel.
independent
If the same liquid has a different shape, but the same cross-sectional area at the bottom and the same height, will they have the same pressure?
What principle of pressure is this?
- YES
- fifth
How many types of pressure should a driver be acquainted with? What are they?
6
- atmospheric pressure
- head pressure
- static pressure
- normal operating pressure
- residual pressure
- flow pressure (velocity pressure)
The depth and density of the atmospheric pressure that surrounds the earth does what on everything?
exerts pressure on everything
Where is atmospheric pressure greatest at?
low altitudes
What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?
14.7 psi
Atmospheric pressure at sea level, 14.7 psi is considered what kind of atmospheric pressure?
standard
What is a common way to measure atmospheric pressure?
comparing the weight of the atmosphere with the weight of mercury
When looking at a vertical cylinder of mercury, the taller the column of mercury the ________ the atmospheric pressure is.
greater
1 psi pressure makes a column of mercury 2.04 inches high. If sea level pressure is 14.7 psi, how tall will the column of mercury be?
2.04 inches X 14.7 psi = 29.9 inches tall
The reading of most pressure gauges are psi in addition the existing ________ pressure.
atmospheric
How do distinguish pressure gauges from actual atmospheric pressure?
psig
vs
psia
What is the actual atmospheric reading?
psia (pounds per square inch absolute)
What is the reading of most pressure gauges?
psig (pounds per square inch gauge)
What is psi above a perfect vacuum?
absolute zero
For the purpose of this text, psi means WHAT?
psig
A gauge reading 10 psi at sea level, actually means 10 psig plus the ________ pressure of 14.7 psi. This pressure is not normally accounted for, as the gauge is calibrated to _____ at ambient pressure.
- atmospheric
- zero
10 psig is _____ psig at sea level.
24.7 (14.7 psi + 10 psig)
What do you call any pressure less than atmospheric pressure?
a vacuum
What is absolute zero pressure called?
a perfect vacuum
When a gauge reads 10 inches of Hg of vacuum on the compound gauge, it actually indicates ___ ____ atmospheric pressure.
less than
What does “head” refer to in the fire service?
the height of a water SUPPLY above the discharge orifice
For every 1 foot increase in elevation to a water SUPPLY, _ _ _ _ _ psi is gained (head)
0.434 psi
If the water is supply is 100 ft above the hydrant discharge opening, this is referred to as ____ ft of head.
100
To convert head in feet to head in pressure, you must divide the number of feet by _ _ _ _ _ (the number of feet that 1 psi will raise a one square inch column of water.
2.304
What is the water flow definition of static pressure?
stored potential energy available to force water through pipes, fittings, hose and adapters
The word static means…
at rest, or without motion
How can water pressure be produced?(3)
elevated water supply
atmospheric pressure
pump
If the water is not moving, this is called _______ pressure.
static
Is true static pressure found in municipal water systems? A. always B. never C.seldom D.there are no municipal water systems AND....why
C. seldom
because there is always some flow in the pipes due to normal use
Is the pressure in a system before it flows from a hydrant, even if it is municipal, considered static for fire service purposes?
YES
The pressure found in a water distribution system during normal consumption demands is considered the ____ _____ pressure.
normal operating
Technically, as soon as water flows through a distribution system, the water is no longer has WHAT?
static pressure
What causes water flow in a distribution system to increase and decrease accordingly?
consumption demands
The difference between static pressure and normal operating pressure is the ________ caused by water ______ through pipes, valves and fittings.
- friction
- flowing
______ _______ is the portion of the total available pressure NOT used to overcome friction loss or gravity while forcing water through pipes, fittings, hoses and adapters.
residual pressure
What does residual mean?
the remainder or what is left
During a flow test in a water distribution system, the ________ represents the pressure left in the system near the vicinity of one or more flowing ________.
- residual
- hydrants
Where should you identify the residual pressure? A. the flow hydrant B. open hydrant (s) C. nozzle D. pumper outlet
B. open hydrant(s)
What will reflect the water flowing from the open hydrant, other water consumption demands and the size of the pipes?
residual pressure
While water is flowing from a discharge opening , the forward velocity pressure is considered _____ pressure.
flow
Because a stream of water is emitted from a discharge opening is not encased within a _______ it exerts forward, but not lateral ______.
- tube
- pressure
What do you use to measure the forward velocity of flow pressure?
pitot tube and gauge
If using a pitot tube and gauge, a you know the size of the discharge opening, what can you calculate?
flow in gpm
What type of nozzle must be used with a pitot tube and gauge?
smooth bore
Even though elevation and altitude are used interchangeably, is there a distinction made in the fire service?
YES
Elevation refers to the center line of the ____ or the bottom of a _____ water supply source above or below ground level. (height of a point above sea level or some other reference point.)
- pump
- static
What is referred to as the position of an object in relation to sea level? (geographic)
altitude
Pressure losses or gains due to gravity are called what?
elevation pressure
How does altitude impact the production of fire streams?
atmospheric pressure drops as height above sea level increases
Between sea level and approximately what feet is atmospheric pressure drop of little consequence?
2000 ft
For effective fire streams above 2000 ft, what does atmospheric pressure do to fire department pumpers?
they must work increasingly harder to produce pressures for effective fire streams
What reduces a pumper’s effective lift when drafting?
less dense atmosphere
How much approximately does atmospheric pressure decrease for every 1,000 ft above sea level?
0.5 psi
Friction loss is an important factor in ______ a fire pump and producing an _____ fire stream.
- operating
- effective
The common term for pressure loss due to friction is….
friction loss
While forcing water through pipe, fittings, fire hose and adapters, what is lost and due to what?
part of the pressure due to friction loss
What can cause friction loss in a hose? (6)
- movement of water molecules against eachother
- Lining of hose/delaminating hose
- couplings
- sharp bends/kinks
- change in hose size/orifice by adapters
- improper gasket size
Anything that affects the ________ of water has the potential to cause additional friction loss.
movement
New hose may have more friction loss than old hose? TRUE or FALSE?
FALSE
What in newer hose causes less friction loss?
smother inner lining
How much greater can the friction loss in older hose be than newer?
50%
Are the principles of friction loss the same in piping systems as in hose?
YES
Friction loss in pipes include (4)
- movement of water molecules against each other
- inside surface of piping
- pipe fittings
- valves
What is the rougher the inner surface of pipe commonly referred to as?
the coefficient of friction
How can friction loss be measured IN a hose or pipe?
in-line gauges
If you take the residual pressures between two gauges placed a distance apart in the same diameter hose or pipe when water is flowing, the difference will be….
friction loss
A common distance between measuring pressures between two points to calculate pressure loss in the fire department is….
between the pump and a nozzle
How many principles of friction loss is there?
4
If all other conditions are the same, the FIRST principle of friction loss says that friction loss varies directly with the _______ of the hose or pipe.
length
The SECOND principle of friction loss states that when 2 hoses are the same size, friction loss varies approximately with the square of the ________ in the velocity of flow.
increase
What is velocity proportional to?
flow
The SECOND principle of friction loss illustrates that ______ loss develops much faster than the change in _______.
- friction
- velocity
If flowing 200 gpm, the friction loss is 3.2 psi. If you double the gpm to 400, what is the friction loss and why?
2 times the gpm so 2² = 4 times the amount
3.2 psi X 4 = 12.8
(how much the gpm increased squared equals the amount to multiply the friction loss)
The THIRD principle of friction loss states that friction loss varies inversely as the ____ power of the diameter of the hose.
fifth
What does the THIRD principle of friction loss prove?
the advantage of large size hose
To demonstrate the third principle of friction loss, take a 2 1/2 hose and a 3 inch hose. How can you find the friction loss of the 3 inch compared to the 2 1/2 inch?
(2½)^5 97.66
_____ = _____ =0.4 that of the 2½ hose
3^5 243
The THIRD principle of friction loss also states that when flow remains constant, the friction loss in a hose will ________ when the diameter of the hose is ________.
- decrease
- increased
What percent reduction in friction loss is there between a 4 inch hose and a 3 inch?
76%
The FOURTH principle of friction loss states that far a given velocity, friction loss is approximately the _____, regardless of the pressure on the water.
same
Does the Fourth principle of friction loss explain why friction loss is the same when hoses or pipes at different pressures flow the same amount of water.
YES
To get 100 gmp out of a 3 inch hose, water will travel at a specified velocity. For the same 100 gpm to flow through a 1½ inch hose, the velocity must be greatly _______. 4 1½ inch lines are needed to flow the same _______ as 1 3 inch hose.
- increased
- velocity
Can some brands of fire hose expand to a larger diameter than other brands under pressure? What might this cause?
YES
expand = decreased velocity = decreased friction loss
How much pressure must be applied to water to reduce its volume by 1%?
30,000 psi
Because water is virtually incompressible, the same volume of water supplied into a water hose under pressure at one end will be discharged at __________. The diameter determines the velocity, so the smaller the hose, the _________ velocity is needed to deliver the same volume.
- other end
- greater
As the length of hose increases, friction loss…..
increases
Will flow pressure be greatest at the source of the supply or at the farthest part in the system?
source
A smaller nozzle will _______ the velocity and ______decrease the flow.
- increase
- decrease
If there is a lot of residual pressure left in the water main, why should you place a pumper in the line at the hydrant? (3)
- provides additional force/pressure in hose
- have effective fire streams
- add hose lines or master streams
Is there a practical limit to the velocity in which a stream can travel?
What happens if it is increase beyond this point? (critical velocity)
Yes
the friction will become so great that the entire system becomes agitated by resistance
Hoselines have a variety of diameters that have specific hose lengths at which their reduction in flow makes them A. great B. useful C. unwanted D. undesirable What should you do instead to increase flow and reduce friction? A. quit B. use a different pumper C. use parallel hoselines or siamese D. switch to different hose lines
D. undesirable
C. use parallel hoselines or siamese
3 CHARACTERISTICS of hose LAYOUTS that will affect friction loss.
- hose length
- hose diameter
- sharp bends/kinks
When you increase the hose diameter to reduce friction in a LAYOUT, is it normally possible to do it during fire ground ops?
Should you increase it so much that it is difficult to handle?
NO
NO
How can sharp bends or kinks be minimized when trying to reduce friction loss in LAYOUTS?
proper hose handling techniques
Sudden stopping of water results in energy surges being transmitted in the opposite direction. Often this pressure is at many times the _______ pressure.
original
Sudden stopping of water results in energy surges being transmitted in the opposite direction. Often this pressure is at many times the original pressure. Each time this occurs there is an amplification of the wave causing pressure to _______. (water hammer)
increase
In large diameter hose with large amounts of water, water hammer is critical and can damage ______, _______, ______ and the municipal water system itself.
- pump
- appliances
- hose
How should you prevent water hammer when water is flowing:
A. Shut everything down as quick as you can
B. slowly close nozzles, valves and hose clamp
C. never shut anything down till the operation is complete
D. kill yourself
B. slowly close nozzles, valves and hose clamp
When flowing from a water system, how should you shut down the entire operation to prevent water hammer?
very slowly
How should you close, stop hydrants or master streams to prevent water hammer and as a prevention measure?
they should be partially closed, stopped and then closed more
____ and/or ____ water systems provide water to populated areas.
public and or private
Why would communities try and improve water distribution systems with reliable sources in rural areas?
population increases
The local water department may be a separate, ____-operated utility or a regional or ________water authority.
- city
- private
Who is the experts in water supply problems? why?
the officials of the water department because their function is to provide potable water
Who should the Fire Dept. work with in planning fire protection coverage?
water department
What should the water department work on with the fire department due to being vitally concerned with water supply? (3)
- water supply needs
- locations of hydrants
- types of hydrants
If there is a large fire fighting operation with large volumes of water needed, who should the fire dept. contact to increase the pressure?
water utility department
What are the fundamental components of a water system? (4)
- source of water supply
- means of moving water
- water processing or treatment facilities
- water distribution systems
The primary water supply can be obtained by either: A.surface water or ground water B.pumpers with full water tanks C.mountain runoff D.bathtubs
A.surface water or ground water
All water supplies have only one source, surface or ground. TRUE or FALSE
False, most do but some use both
Give 2 examples of surface water supply.
- rivers
- lakes
Give 2 examples of ground water supply.
- water wells
- water producing springs
What is a desalination plant used in water supply?
supply of municipal required water from seawater
An engineering estimate can determine the ________ of water a community needs.
amount
What does the use of water a community needs estimate include? (3)
- domestic
- industrial
- fire fighting
In cities, what needs far exceed the fire protection needs for water?
domestic/industrial
In small towns, the requirements for fire protection water needs MAY exceed other requirements? Yes or No
Yes
What are the 3 methods of moving water in a water system?
- direct pumping system
- gravity system
- combo system
A direct pumping system uses WHAT to take the water from the primary source and discharge it though filtration and treatment processes?
1 or more pumps
After the filtration and treatment process in a direct pumping system, what does a series of pumps do?
pumps it into the distribution system
What if purification of water is not needed in a direct pumping system?
it can be directly pumped from the source to the distribution system
To reduce failures and create redundancy in supply lines and pumps in a direct pumping system, what is done? (2)
- duplicating pumping systems
- secondary power sources
Where are is the water source located in a gravity system?
higher elevation than the distribution
What provides the water pressure in a gravity system?
gravity flow
When is the water flow usually only efficient in a gravity system?
if the elevated tanks are at least several hundred feet higher than the highest point in the water distribution
What are the most common set ups in a gravity system? (2)
- elevated tanks in the city itself
- reservoir at a higher elevation than city
Most communities use this type of water system? in most of these cases, what supplies the gravity flow and serve as emergency storage?
- combo, gravity and direct pumping
- elevated storage tanks
When the system pressure is high and water consumption is low in a combination water system, what happens to the elevated storage tanks?
automatic valves open and allow them to be filled
When the system pressure drops during high water consumption in a combination water system, what happens?
the storage containers provide extra water to the distribution center
A dependable combination system involves reliable, _________ equipment and proper sized, strategically located storage _________.
- duplicated
- containers
The storage reservoir in a combination system must be sufficient to provide what three demands?
- domestic
- industrial
- fire fighting
When repairs, alterations or additions are needed to a combination system, what should be sufficient to allow this downtime?
storage in elevated reservoirs
__________ of the storage and the ________ of the mains leading from the storage of a combo water system are important factors in the function of the system.
- location
- capacity
Private systems can be found in many industrial sights that include elevated _______ ______, in which are available to ______ ______.
- storage tanks
- fire departments
Water from storage systems such as THIS, a part of the distribution system, may be available for fire fighting in some communities. A.toilets B.cisterns C.lakes D.sanitation tanks
B.cisterns
How would a pumper remove water from a cistern and provide pressure to it?
drafting and by its pump
What is vital process in the water supply system?
treatment
What might be added to water at a treatment facility?
fluoride or ozone
Water is treated by coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, addition of chemicals/bacteria or other organisms.
True or False
TRUE
What at a treatment facility might drastically reduce the volume and pressure of water for FF operations? maintenance \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ disaster loss of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ supply and fire
failure
natural
power
What needs to happen if the treatment facility cannot process water fast enough to meet the demands?
have a plan to deal with potential shortfalls
The ability of a water system to deliver an adequate quantity of water relies upon the carrying capacity of what part of the system?
network of pipes
How can there be less pressure in a water distribution system?
when hydrants are supplied from more than one direction
What is a dead-end hydrant?
hydrant that receives water from only one direction
If a hydrant has a feed from 2 or more directions it is called a CIRCULATING FEED or a….
looped line
If a distribution system provides circulating feeds (looped lines) from several mains, it constitutes what?
a grid system
Primary feeders, secondary feeders and distributors are all part of what system?
grid system
What is the large pipe or mains, with relatively widespread spacing that convey large quantities of water to various points of the system for local distribution to the smaller mains?
primary feeders
Secondary feeders are a network of ______ sized pipes that reinforce the grid with the various loops of the primary ______ system and aid in the concentration of the required fire flow at any point.
- intermediate
- feeder
What part of the grid system has smaller mains serving individual hydrants and blocks of consumers?
distributors
Water supply distribution systems should be constructed with sufficient supply for: (2) A.industrial B.businesses C.routine consumption D.fire protection
C.routine consumption
D.fire protection
Do industrial and business districts require smaller mains than residential and include cross connected mains for adequate supply? YES or NO
NO, larger
Where are large mains found?
what are they connected to that serve specific neighborhoods or developments?
- principle streets
- smaller mains
Valves control the flow of water through a water distribution system. YES OR NO
YES
Why should valves be at frequent intervals throughout a water system?
so only small districts will be cut off if the water needs to stop
How often should valves be operated and inspected? by who
at least once a year
water supply utility
So that the minimum portion of the main is isolated for repair, where should the valve be?
spaced withing the distribution system
Why should hydrants have individual control valves?
to minimize the affect of repairs on fire protection
Is being able to control the valves one of the most important factors for the water d department in order to promptly operate during an emergency?
Yes
What will a well run water utility have records of?
location of all valves
What 2 categories are valves broadly divided into?
indicating
and
nonindicating
What valve visually shows that the GATE or VALVE seat is open, closed or partially closed?
indicating valve
In private fire protection systems, what kind of valve is there, usually?
indicating valve
What are 2 types of common indicating valves?
- post indicator valve (PIV)
- outside screw and yold (OS&Y)
In a post indicator valve, the hollow metal post is attached to the ______ housing.
valve
In the post indicator valve, the valve stem in the post is WHAT and has a WHAT that moves when the valve is open and closed?
- threaded
- target
Post indicator valves are commonly used on what systems?
private
Where are OS&Y valves most commonly used?
Where could they be found?
- sprinkler systems
- water distribution applications
What is the most common valve used in water distribution systems?
nonindicating
In a water distribution system, what is commonly installed in boxes or manholes?
nonindicating valves
If a below grade nonindicating valve is properly installed, you can open it above ground with a special socket ______ on the end of a reach ____. Who carry these?
- wrench
- rod
- many fire department on their engines
Can local policy prohibit FF from opening/closing nonindicating valves?
YES
If FF are allowed in their jurisdiction to open or close nonindicating valves, what should they do? who should they consult?
Be aware of the direction to open and close them, check with local water authority
Control valves in public water distribution systems are usually \_\_\_\_\_ valves. A.rod B.gate C.sprinkler D.clockwise turning
B. gate
Gate valves can only be rising stem.
False, they can be non rising stem as well
What is the rising stem gate valve similar to?
OS&Y valve
What must be turned and with what on the nonrising stem gate valve to either raise or lower the control of water flow?
valve nut by the valve key (wrench)
What should be on the nonrising stem gate valve to indicate the number of turns necessary to completely close the valve?
a number
How would you know there is debris or other obstruction or a lack of maintenance causing corroding on a nonrising stem gate valve? report it to?
- if the valve resists turning after FEWER of the indicated turns
- agency responsible for the system
The advantages of proper valve installment is that only one or two hydrants might be shut down for a single brake repair, however are reduced if they are not properly __________ or completely _______.
- maintained
- opened
Partially open valves cause high WHAT?
friction loss
Closed or partially closed valves may not be noticed when?
and when will they? (2)
- domestic water usage
- fire occurs/detailed inspections and fire flow tests
What is generally made of cast iron, ductile iron, asbestos cement, steel, plastic or concrete?
undergound water pipes
What 2 things should be considered when installing a certain type of underground water pipe?
- soil conditions
- pressures it will be subject ot
When underground water pipe is installed in unstable or corrosive soils or in difficult access areas, what kind of pipe might be used to give it strength?
steel or reinforced concrete
These locations require what as far as underground piping? areas beneath railroad tracks, highways, areas close to heavy industrial machinery, areas prone to earthquakes or areas of rugged terrain
extra protection (steel or reinforced concrete)
Encrustation of minerals on the interior surface of pipe and sedimentation that settles out of the water can cause what?
friction loss
Encrustation of minerals on the interior surface of pipe and sedimentation that settles out of the water result in constriction of pipe ________, _________ friction loss, and a proportionate ________ in the amount of water available from the system.
- size
- increased
- reduction
How can you reduce Encrustation of minerals on the interior surface of pipe and sedimentation that settles out of the water?
flushing hydrants periodically
Why should the FD coordinate flushing hydrants with the local water authority in non emergency situations?
may cause rusty or foul smelling water to customers
What 3 basic rates establishes a base in which the fire flow requirements can be added during the design process for engineers?
- average daily consumption (ADC)
- maximum daily consumption (MDC)
- peak hourly consumption (PHC)
What can help the fire protection personnel as well as the engineers to determine the adequacy of the water distribution system?
- average daily consumption (ADC)
- maximum daily consumption (MDC)
- peak hourly consumption (PHC)
What terms might a driver operator be familiar with because they will encounter them during water supply testing?
- average daily consumption (ADC)
- maximum daily consumption (MDC)
- peak hourly consumption (PHC)
The average amount of water consumption per day (average daily consumption (ADC)) is based on the amount of water used in this time frame?
a year
The maximum daily consumption (MDC) is the maximum amount of water used in a 24 hour interval in the last HOW MANY years?
3
Refilling a reservoir or unusual situations should be considered in the maximum daily consumption (MDC)?
FALSE
The peak hourly consumption (PHC) is the maximum amount of water used in a _ hour interval over the course of _ day(s).
- 1
- 1
What kind of system is commonly found on large commercial, industrial or institutional properties, but may also be in some residential areas?
private water system
Do private water supply systems only supply one building?
No, they may supply one large building or buildings in a complex
Private water supply systems exist for these 3 purposes.
- provide water strictly for fire protection
- for sanitary AND fire protection
- for fire protection and manufacturing protection
Are private water supply systems typically similar to municipal?
YES
Who do private water supply systems get their water from commonly?
Can they have their own?
- municipal water supplies
- in some cases
For fire protection, can a private water supply be served by the municipal system and their own private source?
in a few cases
A private water supply can be served by the municipal system and their own private source. What, in many cases is the private source of water used for only and why?
fire protection because it is nonpotable
A private water supply can be served by the municipal system and their own private source. The private water supply is usually nonpotable and for fire protection only. What must happen in order not to cross contaminate the waters?
measures must be taken to prevent like backflow preventers
Who restricts interconnecting potable and nonpotable water restrictions besides numerous state and local water quality codes?
Environmental Protection Agency
If the combined water capacity of potable and nonpotable water is for fire protection with a private water supply, what must be required?
maintenance of two completely separate systems
Who has 2 distinct separate piping systems for fire protection and domestic/industrial use almost universally?
Who has the opposite?
- private
- municipal, fire hydrants mains connected to water for domestic/industrial
2 distinct separate piping systems for fire protection and domestic/industrial use are not c______ prohibitive for most municipal applications but are economically p______ in many private applications.
- cost
- practical
The property owner has control over the water supply source & either of the systems (fire protection or domestic/industrial) are unaffected by service interruptions to the other system are advantages to WHAT in a private water supply?
separate piping arrangements
What should the fire department do if the reliability/ability of a private water supply to provide adequate amounts of water in a large scale fire?
arrange to augment the supply
How should the water be augmented if the reliability/ability of a private water supply to provide adequate amounts of water in a large scale fire?
relaying from the municipal water or drafting from a reliable static source close to the scene
