Chapter 4 - Positioning the Apparatus Flashcards
1
Q
When positioning a vehicle, the driver must apply what skill?
A
size-up skills
2
Q
Who, besides their immediate task, must a rig consider when positioning at a incident?
A
needs of other units responding
3
Q
Once a pumper is in position with hoselines stretched and operating is it…
nearly impossible to reposition or super easy?
A
nearly impossible
4
Q
A driver should position their apparatus for the _______ and most ________ use of the features of the rig.
A
- safest
- advantagous
5
Q
How will you be able to efficiently execute any maneuvers and tasks that the IC or the IAP may require on scene?
A
be well trained and knowledgeable in local polices and procedures
6
Q
What is the PRIMARY function of pumper’s on a fireground? (2)
A
provide water directly for fire streams
or
to support other pumpers/aerials
7
Q
Which three people/things will determine the best placement for the first-arriving and later arriving pumpers on the fireground?
A
Local policies, company officer and the driver/operator
8
Q
_______ planning and district _______ will assist the driver to make informed decisions regarding apparatus positioning.
A
preincident
and
familiarization
9
Q
Size up does what for your position at a incident on an attack pumper?
A
determines the most advantageous position
10
Q
The first arriving driver and officer on scene must OBSERVE conditions and determine the best apparatus position based on these 2 things.
A
initial attack strategy
and
department policy
11
Q
What will set the scene for later arriving rigs?
the _____ of the initial apparatus
local operating ________ and
orders from the _ _ (_____ ______)
A
- position
- guidelines
- IC (incident commander)
12
Q
If you arrive and fire is showing, you should place the apparatus in a safe position that offers the ____ ____ ____.
A
best tactical advantage
13
Q
What is an additional factor you must consider If you arrive and fire is showing, and you place the apparatus in a safe position that offers the best tactical advantage?
A
an exit route in case a withdrawl becomes necessary
14
Q
3 things to consider when positioning for fire attack?
A
- in investigation mode, pull past if feasible to see 3 sides of building
- consider the best/efficient access point for personnel and equipment to investigate
- based on local policy, remain with the rig to connect for water supply, FDC, assist pulling attack lines, or operating pump
15
Q
If you cannot make a standard apparatus placement, what should you do?
A
notify incoming rigs of the situation and changes made to accommodate the incident
16
Q
In a rescue situation, life safety is what number of tactical priority?
A
FIRST
17
Q
How should you position the rigs in a rescue situation?
A
to facilitate the most effective deployment of ground ladders (or aerial)
18
Q
Should you consider the apparatus an exposure when protecting exposures?
A
YES
19
Q
If the fire has potential to threaten exposures how should you position the rig?
A
so fire streams can be deployed to protect exposures
20
Q
When protecting exposures, where should you avoid placing the rig? (3)
A
where it may be subject to high levels of radiant heat, falling embers or other products of combustion
21
Q
What is the primary CONCERN of the driver and officer in the placement of a pumper?
A
establishing water supply
22
Q
If a confirmed fire is in a limited access narrow driveway or alley, the first arriving pumper should consider laying what?
A
their own supply line
23
Q
What might a supply line, especially LDH do to later arriving apparatus?
A
block their access
24
Q
What should be in place to minimize supply lines blocking incoming rigs?
A
guidelines based on local conditions and resources
25
Where should a supply line be laid?
where they are accessible to later arriving rigs
26
Only when can a pumpers onboard tank be considered for water supply?
after proper size up confirms location and extent of fire
27
If the first arriving pumper is located in a difficult area such as a narrow driveway or alley, a WHAT may be laid to the scene as the first apparatus moves into position?
supply line
28
Choosing your method of attack..
for handlines or portable master streams..
for fixed appliances....
- close proximity to the building or incident for effective water supply
- in a safe location close enough for the stream to reach target (plus consider collapse
29
Should you consider accessibility of water supply to the pumper in hoseline deployment?
YES
30
When deploying a hoseline, position the pumper to better support the deployment of _______ for fire attack or ______ for FDC.
- hoselines
| - supply lines
31
What direction should you position the rig in wind?
upwind
32
Why should you position the rig upwind? (2)
1. eliminated need for SCBA for driver
| 2. eliminate possibly becoming an exposure
33
When practical, what type of surface should you park on?
| why?
hard surfaces
| it will eliminate the chance of getting stuck in an unpaved area
34
Is the build up of ice and snow on a rig before and during an incident relevant to apparatus safety?
YES
35
Why do you park uphill at hazardous or flammable liquid incidents?
Is it the same for vehicle fires?
it eliminates the chance of a hazardous liquid flowing under the apparatus
Yes, burning fuel may leak
36
Where is the only exception to parking uphill and why?
wildland fires because these move uphill faster than flat terrain or downhill
37
On a roadway response, position the apparatus in a manner/location that is safe from ________ of the incident and protects _____ from oncoming traffic.
hazards
personnel
38
Where should you block on a roadway with the rig?
lanes ff are working on as well as an additional lane for a safety zone
39
When laying hose to an incident, should you lay it in the middle of the street? why or why not?
No, to the side, especially LDH because its almost impossible to move once charged and may not be able to be driven on
40
What 2 types of building fires may be more likely to have a sudden collapse?
extensive fire involvement or
| houses in poor condition before the fire
41
How far should apparatus and personnel be to maintain a collapse zone?
1 1/2 times the height
42
Where is it the safest to be if a collapse occurs?
the corners of structure
43
Where might it be a good idea/most advantagous position to place apparatus at a fire (possible collapse), especially an aerial using a master stream?
the corners of the building
44
What does preincident planning do? (for fires)
aids in identifying bulidings with a high potential for collapse
45
What indicators factor in to the IC's decision to withdraw rigs and FF from a building because a large scale structural collapse may occur?(5)
1. reinforcement rods (ornamental stars/bolts)
2. bulging walls
3. traveling exterior cracks
4. falling brick
5. interior collapse
46
Overhead utility lines should not be a factor when positioning a apparatus, especially if fire or weather conditions are likely to cause them to fall.
TRUE or FALSE
FALSE - they are a factor
47
Fires that are large or that have the potential to spread to exposures might dictate you to position the apparatus WHERE with an open WHAT to withdraw?
farther away
route
48
Falling debris from building, especially high rises , can be dangerous to ______ and damaging to the ______ and the _____ in the vicinity?
- Fire fighters
- apparatus
- hoselines
49
How far, depending on the incident, do apparatus, equipment and personnel be protected from falling glass and debris at the base of a high rise fire?
200 ft
50
When considering falling debris, the driver should consider the ability to remove portable equipment from the apparatus. Where should you park and what should you do with the compartment doors?
park where ladders and portable equipment may be removed safely and efficiently
-park where compartment doors can be opened completely
51
Blocking access for the aerial can seriously ______ the outcome of the scene.
jeopardize
52
Do many jurisdictions require the pumper to yield an optimum position close to a building for an aerial?
YES
53
Why is it easier for a pumper to be farther away from an incident then a aerial?
pumper carries different lengths of hose that can be added to, aerial has fixed length ladder or boom
54
What is the "inside/outside" method of apparatus placement?
| What should be considered as well?
```
inside = less than 5 floors, (4 and under) attack pumper closest to building, aerial outboard
outside = greater than 5 stories, aerial inside for maximum reach
```
spreading of the stabilizing system/ground ladders (must be able to get them out of the back of the aerial
55
Why should you position a pumper providing water supply to an elevated stream (aerial or pumper) as close as practical?
friction loss and elevation are major considerations when supporting elevated streams
56
Urban living or shopping districts that have been renovated to appeal to pedestrian use can hamper apparatus access?
YES or NO
YES, but prior to this fire prevention planners should have reviewed it
57
Where should a pumper position in order to supply an FDC efficiently?
as close to a water source as possible
58
Preincident planning helps to determine water supply sources for FDCs.
TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
59
In some fire departments, the first arriving pumper does this at the FDC? in all?
supports
| not in all jurisdictions
60
Most FDCs are located in close proximity to a _____ _______.
Fire Hydrant
61
If a static water supply is needed to supply a FDC, position at the water supply. What might be needed at this point if the distance is too great?
relay or water shuttle
62
Should a driver cross-contaminate a nonpotable (non drinkable) water source and a potable water supply?
NO
63
Some hard intake hose is designed to withstand the vacuum associated with drafting. If under positive pressure, as in high static pressure, what might happen?
coupling failure or hose rupture
64
Many fire departments require that drivers place _____ valves on the small diameter discharges of dry barrel hydrants before connecting to the _______ diameter discharge.
- gate
| - large
65
Why do many fire departments require that drivers place gate valves on the small diameter discharges of dry barrel hydrants before connecting to the large diameter discharge?
so additional hose lines can be connected without shutting down the hydrant
66
What is the preferred type of hose for hydrant connections?
large diameter INTAKE HOSE
67
Large diameter intake hose is common in what lengths?
| What other lengths are available if in close proximity to the hydrant?
- 100 ft
| - 10 to 50 ft
68
Why must the driver know the position of the intake hose on the side of his or her vehicle?
in order to properly position the apparatus
69
The distance to place the rig from the hydrant must be judged from the hydrant rather than the curb line because.....
hydrants are located different distances from the curb
70
Why must the driver stop close to the curb with the pump intake a few feet short of being in line with the hydrant?
to avoid blocking the street
71
Why should you stop short of they hydrant to connect LDH intake hose?
it allows the hose to curve slightly, preventing kinks that could drastically restrict flow
72
What kind of twist should you put in the intake hose to minimize the chance of kinking?
counterclockwise twist
73
Does it take practice to put a counterclockwise twist in a intake hoseline in order to prevent kinks and does not restrict water flow? why?
YES - to determine the # of twists for any given hose length
74
If coupling disconnect or fail at the hydrant, where is it advantageous to stand when opening?
behind the hydrant
75
When you have front and rear intakes, the driver should stop a few feet ______ or a few feet ____ the hydrant for intake hose to curve?
short
| beyond
76
Proficiency in front or rear intake connections is achieved with what?
practice with your assigned vehicle
77
When might you use one or two of the 2 1/2 inch outlets on the hydrant? (2)
when LDH is not available or when maximum flow is not required
78
Will a pumper ever have to make multiple intake connections from a well pressurized (strong) hydrant? What combo?
YES - connect to steamer intake (large diameter intake) and a smaller hoseline
79
What operation uses one strong hydrant to supply 2 pumpers?
Dual pumping
80
In dual pumping, are the 2 pumpers generally in close proximity to each other as both of them are being used as attack pumpers at the same incident?
YES
81
Is tandem pumping a form of relay pumping? How are the pumpers positioned?
YES
| close together rather than evenly spaced in the supply hose layout
82
When might you use tandem pumping?
A.When there is too much pressure from the hydrant?
B.When pressures higher than a single engine is capable of supplying is needed?
C.When a water supply source is too close to the scene
D.When it is necessary to supply a high-rise sprinkler system or standpipe system
B.When pressures higher than a single engine is capable of supplying is needed
and
D.When it is necessary to supply a high-rise sprinkler system or standpipe system
83
How far can rigs be apart in tandem pumping?
300 ft
84
Can tandem pumping operations be used in situations where the attack pumper is located close to the water source, but a great distance from the fire?
YES
85
In situations where the attack pumper is located close to the water source, but a great distance from the fire, tandem pumping allows the second pumper to connect ________________________ at pressures greater than the hydrant is capable of.
directly to the hydrant to supply water to the attack pumper
86
Where does the pumper connected to the hydrant pump water from it's discharge outlets in tandem pumping? Why?
to the attack engine's intakes to enable the second engine to discharge water at a much higher pressure than it could generate on its own
87
What is the higher pressure a result of in two pumpers in a tandem operation?
the pumpers acting in a series
88
Relay pumping is generally used to increase the VOLUME of water available at a fire scene, while tandem pumping is most often to.....
increase water pressure
89
Can you pump too much pressure for fire hose and adapters in a tandem pumping operation? If so, what should you do?
YES, you should pump the pressures not to exceed that in which the hose has been tested annually.
90
Where can you find test pressures for various types of hoses?
NFPA 1962, Standard for the Inspection, Care and Use of Fire Hose, Couplings, Nozzles and the Service Testing of Fire Hose
91
In positioning a wildland apparatus, are they positioned in the same location usually for the duration of the incident?
WHY or WHY not?
NO
| changing conditions may cause re-positioning many times
92
Why must wildland guidelines for positioning and operations be more flexible than structural?
some are capable of conducting mobile (pump and roll) operations
93
Can structural fire pumpers assist wildland firefighting operations?
How? (3)
YES, water resupply sources for brush trucks, direct fire attack and protection of structures
94
Structure protection is ______ only to life safety in FF operations.
second
95
What is the boundary between wildland and structural development?
wildland/urban interface
96
Most _______ threatened by wildfires are on rural lanes, at the end of long narrow driveways and may be surrounded by dry _____________.
- structures
| - vegetation
97
What makes access points to structures threatened by wildfire more dangerous?
when they are obscured with smoke
98
What should you do if access points to structures threatened by wildfire are obscured with smoke?
back into position from the last known turnaround point and note the location of landmarks
99
Once an apparatus has arrived at a structure to protect in wildland FF, what 7 guidelines are there for safety and efficiency?
1. if permiting park off roadway not to block more rigs or evacuation
2. clear nearby fuel (as in brush)
3. park on leeward side (minimize heat, blowing embers)
4. park nearby but safe distance to keep hoseline short
5. keep doors/windows closed to keep out burning material
6. aircondition on recirculation to avoid drawing smoke in
7. do not park near power lines, large trees, LPG tanks, pressure vessels or exposed structures
100
Why must the driver be constantly aware of the location and direction of spread of a wildfire?
to keep apparatus and personnel out of dangerous positions
101
ANY fire attack in wildland fire fighting should begin with rig positioned at a what?
anchor point
102
Brush, vegetation and smoke may limit what for a driver in wildland operations?
ability to see
103
Speed must be reduced appropriately when there is reduced __________. (wildland)
What may be needed to avoid obstacles such as logs, stumps, ditches, rocks and low hanging branches?
- -viability
| - a spotter walking ahead of the apparatus
104
Where must a spotter in front of the rig be and what must he have? (wildland)
- remain in field of view of driver at all times
| - hand lights, high visibility clothing
105
Operating in a stationary position, where should the rig be placed (natural or man made anchor points)?
area that affords maximum protection from heat and flames
106
What special considerations should a stationary wildland operating rig consider? (3)
falling trees, in coming air drops, access points for other equipment in the area
107
What should be deployed for protection of an apparatus in wildland stationary operations?
a short attack line
108
A wildland stationary operating rig should always be positioned facing the direction of the _______ _______, with its front wheels straight and always parked with its wheels ______ and the emergency brake __________.
- exit path
- chocked
- engaged
109
Do not drive in wildland operations over bridges unless you know this.....
the weight of the rig is within the capacity of the structure
110
Should you ford streams?
| What is ford?
- No unless rig is designed to do so
| - ability to traverse a body of water (specifications should state safe depths)
111
Driving on the shoulder of railroad beds may be dangerous. What might create tire damage or sliding and rollovers?
course rock makes up most railroad beds
112
Who should confirm that no train is coming down the tracks or that traffic has been halted when driving on them?
train operator
113
In mobile operations, hoselines should be kept WHAT for mobile movement?
short
114
Should you use ALL the water on a mobile water tank during operations?
No, some should be left for protection of the vehicle and its crew
115
When should you work in tandem and be sure to completely extinguish the fire?
When progressing along the edge of a fire (wildland)
116
When does mop-up occur?
after the initial fire attack
117
What additional info can be found in IFSTA's Wildland Fire Fighting for Structural Firefighting?
operating fire apparatus at wildland fires
118
Who governs the general placement of apparatus at incidents?
Locally developed apparatus staging policies
119
What do locally developed apparatus staging policies do? (2)
- allow for orderly placement of vehicles
| - enable the IC to maximize the potential of each vehicle
120
How many types of staging are there?
2
121
Level I staging is used when a large number of units are responding to an incident.
TRUE or FALSE
FALSE - Level II staging
122
Level II staging is applied to the initial response of more than one fire department unit.
TRUE or FALSE
FALSE - Level I staging
123
```
Who initiates the level of staging?
A.driver
B.IC
C.responsible party
C.Operations Section Officer
```
B.IC or
| C.Operations Section Officer
124
Is level I staging used on all multi company responses?
YES
125
If no immediate orders for later arriving units on a multiunit response are given the officer may call for Level ____ staging.
I
126
Where do units stop if an officer calls for Level I staging? What do they wait for?
- a block away from the scene in their direction of travel
| - further instructions
127
Where do engine companies usually stage during level I staging?
near a hydrant/water source
128
Should you allow your position to be blocked while level I staging?
NO
129
When numerous units are responding to operate at the same incident, particularly those that require mutual aid or result in multiple alarms, what level of staging will be used?
Level II Staging
130
One or more staging areas are designated by the Operatons Section Officer for which the IC can draw resources from. Units responding are advised during dispatch of this location and go directly there. What am I?
Level II Staging
131
What can be used as a designated staging area in Level II staging? (2)
What 2 things must these areas be?
- parking lot, large open space
| - secured and free of civilian traffic
132
Who might be designated as the Staging Area Manager then possibly replaced by a Chief Officer?
the officer of the first unit to arrive at the area
133
Who does the Staging Area manager advise of the status of resources?
Planning section or IC
134
Where should the company officer of incoming units to a staging area report to?
Staging Area Manager
135
Should you turn off your emergency lights in the staging area and be ready to deploy rapidly?
YES
136
May the Incident Command post be co-located with Base?
YES
137
Who is at Base?
large number of personnel and equipment waiting to be deployed.
138
What does the base serve as?
primary point outside the incident area in which responding units report and receive initial orders for action
139
Safety and operational effectiveness on highways face many challenges relative to....
placement
140
2 of the most common incidents on roadways?
traffic accidents, vehicle fires
141
Can you drive the wrong way on the highway? When can you?
No, only if police shut it down
142
What might be needed on incidents on bridges?
ground ladders or aerials
143
On limited access urban highways and rural roadways, _____ ______ issues are common.
water supply
144
What might be used on limited access urban highways and rural roadways?
long hose lays and water shuttles
145
Who sometimes calls for additional pumpers to respond to the nearest over/underpass during highway incidents?
Why?
some jurisdictions
| unit will assist by getting an off-highway water source
146
Some highways are equipped with dry _____ risers. These require one pumper that is ___ the highway to establish water supply and pump the standpipe ____.
- standpipe
- off
- inlet
147
To get to a level of some highways, what might a hose line be stretched via?
ladders or aerial
148
A pumper at the highway standpipe discharge can receive what from it?
a steady flow of water
149
Use what when responding on highways and turnpikes?
judgement
150
What might the use of warning devices do to civilian drivers on the highway?
cause confusion and slow the actual response
151
Use sirens on the highway to do what?
clear slow moving traffic
152
The US Department of Transportation manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) advises what about emergency vehicle warning lights?
use them to reach incident, but on scene, use should be reduced as much as possible
153
The US Department of Transportation manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) says to warn drivers in ______ of the incident by the use of warning _____ and traffic ______ devices.
- advance
- signs
- control
154
The US Department of Transportation manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) says to give consideration in reducing the amount of what kind of lights to reduce interference with oncoming drivers?
forward facing lights displayed (including headlights)
155
Besides the The US Department of Transportation manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), who else should a driver be knowledgeable regarding emergency lights while responding to and at incidents?
jurisdiction policy
156
On the roadway, cooperation between what agencies is critical?
Fire department and law enforcement
157
To protect personnel and equipment, what must be established around roadway incidents?
safe zone
158
What is often used as a shield between traffic and FF working on road?
the apparatus
159
Traffic cones and signs may be used in addition to fire rigs and police vehicles to do what?
control traffic
160
Drivers should know local policies regarding positioning of _______ and traffic _______ measures for incidents along roadways.
- apparatus
| - control
161
For units that respond to numerous highway incidents, some jurisdictions specify the use of this.
top mounted pump panels
162
Pumpers with side mounted pump panels should be positioned facing the incident scene so that....
so he or she has a view of the scene
163
Hazardous material responses are becoming ever ______ common in the fire service.
more
164
When/where can a hazardous material release happen?
fixed facility or during transport
165
When responding to a transportation incident, what should always be considered?
possibility of haz mat involvement
166
IFSTA's Hazardous materials for First Responders manual discusses what?
responses to hazmat incidents in detail
167
Basic principles for a driver when responding to a potential hazmat incident: (4)
1. get wind speed/direction from dispatch or by direct observation
2. approach from upwind/uphill
3. do not drive rig directly to scene until the material can be identified
4. position rig and personnel well short of the scene until the nature of hazard is IDed
168
To organize a hazardous incident, what may be established?
hazard-control zones
169
What does the hazard-control zones assist with? (2)
- regulate movement of personnel for safety reasons
| - prevent unauthorized entry
170
Can you change the control zones in a hazard-control zone? Why or why not?
YES-expanded or contracted with the changing dynamics of the incident
171
What most common zones are there in a hazard-control zone with corresponding levels of hazard?
hot, warm, cold
172
What is the restricted, exclusion or red zone?
hot zone
173
Where is the hot zone?
closest to the area of release of material
174
What zone might be exposed to gases, vapors, dust or run off of hazardous material?
hot zone
175
The perimeter of the hot zone must extend far enough to prevent people from what?
suffering from the effects of the release
176
What is called the limited access zone or yellow zone?
warm zone
177
What area abutts the hot zone and extends to the cold zone?
warm zone
178
Can you briefly be in the warm zone without special protective clothing, unless assigned a task requiring special protection?
YES
179
What area is used to provide support for operation in the hot zone?
warm zone
180
The warm zone is used to __________ personnel and equipment form the hot zone.
decontaminate
181
Where in the warm zone does decontamination occur?
in the decon corridor
182
What must FD personnel consider about railroad tracks?
that they are "live"
183
How far might it take a fully loaded train to stop and what must a driver never do?
- 1 - 2 miles
| - never position on railroad tracks
184
How far should a apparatus maintain from a railroad track to prevent contact with objects on the railroad cars?
30 ft
185
What are the majority of incidents that fire departments respond to?
emergency medical calls
186
By choosing the best position for personnel safety as well as tactical deployment, the driver and the fire apparatus itself can have a major impact on what at medical emergencies?
the safety of
187
Consider these 2 things when positioning at a medical emergency.
1. ambulance room for patient loading
| 2. protection of FF working on street or highway
188
The policy of some jurisdictions require that fire apparatus and EMS vehicles park _____ the street or highway whenever possible, shutting off all _______ ______ _____.
- off
| - emergency warning lights
189
What does the fire apparatus and EMS vehicles parking off the street or highway whenever possible, shutting off all emergency warning light eliminate?
hazards from oncoming traffic
190
When parking in a driveway, lot or yard, what should you check about the surface?
that it is stable and may support the weight of the vehicle
191
Should the pumper be blocking the ambulance (smaller vehicle) or visa versa?
larger vehicles block smaller vehicles
192
Why should you use cones or traffic control devices?
warn drivers of the incident before they drive upon it
193
Should you care about the proximity of the exhaust discharge when extricating or treating patients nearby?
YES
194
You must understand your role in the overall _ _ _ to position a rig for maximum safety and efficiency.
IAP
195
You must understand your role in the overall IAP to position a rig for maximum safety and efficiency. This understanding will be based on preincident ________, knowledge of department ________ and communication from the _ _.
- planning
- policies
- IC
196
When is drafting operations required?
when a pumper must be supplied from a static water supply
197
What are some static water supplies?
dry hydrant, storage tanks, lakes, streams
198
Where can drafting pumpers supply pumpers?
| Serve as a source for?
- supply apparatus at fireground directly
| - as a source pumper for relay or water shuttle operations
199
Where is drafting common?
| Can they occur elsewhere?
- rural areas
| - occasionally in urban areas
200
For drafting, what should fire departments use preincident planning to do?
identify suitable drafting sights in their response area and record them
201
Where is it preferable to draft from and with? (2)
a hard surface and require a minimal length of hard intake hose/lift
202
To achieve the best possible discharge capabilities during drafting, what should you limit?
lift
203
Where is a good choice to draft from? (2)
bridges and boat ramps
204
What may cause the apparatus to sink or become stuck when attempting to drive out during drafting?
locations off hard surfaces
205
Where might the surfaces become unstable and collapse into the water injuring fire fighters and creating tipping hazards for the apparatus in drafting?
surfaces near the banks of waterways
206
What kind of analysis should you conduct when considering questionable locations to draft from?
risk/benefit
207
What must any personnel wear near a body of water?
Personal flotation device
208
What might be installed in rural, identified locations for drafting?
a dry hydrant
209
What is on the end of a dry hydrant?
strainer
210
Who should flow test all dry hydrants to determine their capability?
AHJ
