chapter 6

Question 1

T: when we need others and they need us in order to obtain valuable interpersonal rewards

Answer 1

interdependency

Question 2

two people offer each other rewards that entice them to begin a process called … in which they each provide to the other benefits and rewards that the other wants

Answer 2

social exchange

Question 3

T: the gratifying experiences and commodities we obtain through our contact with others

Answer 3

rewards

Question 4

T: punishing, undesirable experiences

Answer 4

costs

Question 5

examples of costs

Answer 5

financial expenditures, such as buying drinks for your date, or actual injuries, such as split lips`

Question 6

some of the most important costs of intimate interaction are … burdens: uncertainty about where a relationship is headed, frustration over your partner’s imperfections, and regret about all the things you don’t get to do because you’re in that relationship

Answer 6

psychological

Question 7

T: the net profit or loss a person encounters, all things considered. Adding up all the rewards and costs involved

Answer 7

outcomes

Outcomes = Rewards − Costs

Question 8

whether your outcomes are positive or negative isn’t nearly as important as how they compare to two criteria with which we evaluate the outcomes we receive. The first criterion involves our …, and the second involves ….

Answer 8

expectations

our perceptions of how well we could manage without our current partner.

Question 9

positive outcome= satisfying relationship

Answer 9

f want to best possible outcome

Question 10

T: describes the value of the outcomes that we’ve come to expect and believe that we deserve in our dealings with others

Answer 10

comparison level

Question 11

who has high CLs

Answer 11

People who have a history of highly rewarding partnerships are likely to have high CLs, meaning that they expect and feel they deserve very good outcomes now

Question 12

That makes our CLs the standards by which our … with a relationship is measured.

Answer 12

satisfaction
f the outcomes you receive exceed your CL, you’re happy; you’re getting more than the minimum payoff you expect from interaction with others

Question 13

if your outcomes fall below your CL, you’re dissatisfied unless your outcomes are still pretty good and you’re doing better than most people

Answer 13

f even if

Question 14

…. = Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction

Answer 14

Outcomes − CL

Question 15

CLalts are also the lowest levels of outcome we will tolerate from our present partners why

Answer 15

If other relationships promise better profits than we currently receive, we’re likely to leave our present partners and pursue those bigger rewards. (always want best deal)

Question 16

our contentment with a relationship is not the major determinant of whether we stay in it or go

Answer 16

t

Question 17

why would someone stay in a relationship they are unhappy with

Answer 17

no promising alternatives

Question 18

Thus, our CLalts determine our … on our relationships.

Answer 18

dependence

Question 19

the greater the gap between our current outcomes and our poorer alternatives, the less dependent we are

Answer 19

f more
If our current outcomes are only a little better than those that await us elsewhere, we don’t need our current partners very much and may leave if our alternatives improve.

Question 20

When other partners or simple solitude seem attractive, our CLalts …

Answer 20

go up.

Question 21

T: the things one would lose if the relationship were to end, are also important influences on one’s decision to stay or go

Answer 21

investments

Question 22

what personal factors influence assessment of CLalt

Answer 22

1. a person’s CLalt is what he or she thinks it is, and a variety of factors can influence people’s perceptions of their alternatives e.g. self esteem
2. Access to information (exposure to alternatives

Question 23

how does satisfaction influence CL alt

Answer 23

desirable alternatives will only enhance your CLalt if you are aware of them, and if you’re content with your current partners, you may not pay much attention to people who could be compelling rivals to your existing relationship

Question 24

satisfied people think they have higher or lower CL alt

Answer 24

lower paying less attention

Question 25

interdependence theory treats satisfaction and dependence as relatively independent influences on relationships, they are actually correlated

Answer 25

t

Question 26

people don’t divorce when they get unhappy; they divorce when, …

Answer 26

one way or the other, their prospects finally seem brighter elsewhere.

Question 27

CLalt is a multifaceted judgment encompassing both the costs of leaving—such as lost investments—and the enticements offered by others, we get:
what equation

Answer 27

Outcomes − CLalt = Dependence or Independence

Question 28

Let’s review. The three key elements of social exchange are people’s …3

Answer 28

outcomes, comparison levels (CLs), and comparison levels for alternatives (CLalts)

Question 29

if their outcomes from their current partners get worse than those that can be readily obtained elsewhere (and their outcomes fall below their CLalts), they will be …

Answer 29

independent and will be likely to depart

Question 30

Interdependence theory suggests that when we consider all three of these factors simultaneously, four different broad types of relationships result.

Answer 30

happy stable
unhappy stable
happy unstable
unhappy unstable

Question 31

when CL and CLalt are both better than, or both worse than, one’s current outcomes, it doesn’t matter which of them is higher than the other; what matters is …

Answer 31

.where each of them is relative to current outcomes.

Question 32

if you’ve ever had a lousy job that you disliked but couldn’t leave because it was the best job available at the time which relationship pattern does this resemble

Answer 32

unhappy but stable= lower CL alt than outcomes

Question 33

if people’s CLalts are higher than their outcomes but their CLs are lower, they’re in a much more favorable situation than the unhappy stable group

Answer 33

t

Question 34

CLs, CLalts, and outcomes can all change over time, too

Answer 34

t

Question 35

But what’s likely to happen after you’ve enjoyed several straight months of this bliss?

Answer 35

You’ve come to expect such marvelous treatment, which means your comparison level has risen.

Question 36

How might their respective CLalts influence their interactions with each other?
Betty and Barney, receive similar outcomes from their relationship, and each needs the other, but Barney’s CLalt is lower than Betty’s what does this mean

Answer 36

he needs her more than she needs him = gives her more power

Question 37

T: the ability to influence another person’s behavior

Answer 37

power

Question 38

T: the partner who depends less on a relationship has more power in that relationship

Answer 38

principle of lesser interest

Question 39

But if your CL goes up and your outcomes remain the same, satisfaction wanes

Answer 39

t Once you get used to your perfect partner, you may find that you derive less pleasure from his or her pampering than you used to

Question 40

rewarding relationships can gradually become less and less satisfying even though nothing (but our …) has changed.

Answer 40

expectations

Question 41

how does marriage influence happiness in short and long term

Answer 41

ST makes happier then return to levels before marriage

finding the love of your life doesn’t make you happy forever.

Question 42

grandparents expectations?

Answer 42

fulfill needs like loving, being loved, and experiencing romantic passion,”

Question 43

expectations today

Answer 43

fulfill needs like loving, being loved, and experiencing romantic passion,” and ulfill needs like self-esteem, self-expression, and personal growth

Question 44

American marriages are less happy than they were 30 years ago, and our higher … may be partly responsible

Answer 44

CLs

Question 45

Cultural changes have also increased our CLalts. how

Answer 45

1.Women’s increased participation in the workforce has provided them both interesting coworkers and financial resources that make it easier for them to leave unhappy relationships
2. more mobile = diverse options
3. reduced barriers of divorce
4.

Question 46

We may even have entered an era of “…” in which people remain on the marriage market—continuing to size up the people they meet as potential future mates—even after they’re married

Answer 46

permanent availability,

Question 47

maybe we shouldn’t be surprised that the U.S. divorce rate has risen sharply since 1960; when CLs and CLalts are both low , people are more likely to find themselves in unhappy and unstable relationships.

Answer 47

f high

Question 48

Are rewards and costs or the size of your “salary” everything that matters?

Answer 48

no

Question 49

the amount of affectionate behavior newlyweds display nicely predicts how happy they’ll be 16 months later

Answer 49

t

Question 50

unplesentness is family rare in relationships

Answer 50

f a lot of unpleasantness actually occurs in many relationships

Question 51

On any given day, … percent of us are likely to be annoyed by a lover or friend

Answer 51

44

Question 52

during their lives together, sooner or later, married people are likely to be … to each other than to anyone else they know

Answer 52

meaner

Question 53

Intimacy and interdependence seemed to give people permission to be impolite instead of courteous and considerate.
Does this matter?

Answer 53

yes Over time, irritating or moody behavior from a spouse puts a marriage at risk, and outright hostility is even worse

Question 54

“Bad,” it seems, “is stronger than good”

Answer 54

t negative behaviors in a close relationship seem to carry more psychological Page 181weight than similar amounts of positive behavior do
we like gains, but we really hate losses

Question 55

If you get one compliment and one criticism from your lover in the same evening, for instance, they cancel each other out

Answer 55

f The compliment will help soften the blow of the criticism, but the combination will leave you somewhat distressed.

Question 56

to stay satisfied with a close relationship, we may need to maintain a rewards-to-costs ratio of at least …

Answer 56

5-to-1

Question 57

A short discussion on a single afternoon clearly provided meaningful information about the chances that a marriage would last. And couples who did not maintain a substantial surfeit of positive exchanges faced … the risk that their marriages would fail.

Answer 57

twice

Question 58

… percent of the happily married couples in one study reported making love more often than they argued, whereas… of the unhappily married couples did

Answer 58

93

none

Question 59

both men and women failed to notice about … of the positive behaviors that their partners said they performed. who did this more

Answer 59

one-fourth

insecure attachments

Question 60

partners may disagree about the meaning and value of the rewards they exchange what genders say they are missing what (what matters to them more)

Answer 60

wives say they desire more emotion and affection from their husbands whereas the husbands say they want more sex

Question 61

rewards and costs have different, separate effects on our well-being in relationships: we try to do two things in our close relationships

Answer 61

irst, we try to obtain rewards, and second, we try to avoid costs

Question 62

T: we pursue pleasure and our motivation for doing something is to feel good, and when we draw near to desired experiences, we feel positive emotions such as enthusiasm and excitement

Answer 62

approach motivation

Question 63

T: we also seek to elude or escape punishment and pain, so we strive to avoid undesired experiences and to reduce negative feelings such as anxiety and fear

Answer 63

avoidance motivation

Question 64

Avoidance motivations for having sex would be to avoid ..

Answer 64

.rejection or to end a peevish partner’s pouting.

Question 65

… results from fulfilling our approach goals, and … results from failing to fulfill our avoidance goals, but—and here’s where this gets really interesting—pleasure and pain are different processes

Answer 65

Pleasure

pain

Question 66

safe and secure relationships in which nothing bad happens are not necessarily satisfying, and satisfying relationships are not always safe and secure. why

Answer 66

because pain and pleasure are unrelated

Question 67

the absence of conflict and criticism in a relationship need not imply the presence of joy and fulfillment, just as the presence of joy and fulfillment need not denote the absence of conflict and criticism

Answer 67

t

Question 68

4 resulting relationships from the approach/ avoidance dimensions

Answer 68

precarious, flourishing, distressed, boring

Question 69

When avoidance goals are fulfilled, people avoid costs but are not necessarily …

Answer 69

happy

Question 70

When approach goals are fulfilled, people feel engaged and excited but may not feel …

Answer 70

safe and secure

Question 71

what results when our avoidance goals are fulfilled and our costs and annoyances are very low—but our approach motivation is unfulfilled. how do these relationships fare overtime

Answer 71

Boredom now is linked to dissatisfaction later

Question 72

a strong motive to avoid costs leads people to … whereas, in contrast, a strong motive to approach rewards leads them to focus on all the …

Answer 72

notice all of the annoying things their partners do (avoid conflict)
thoughtful and generous things their partners do 9approach motives are pursuing greater intimacy with their partners)

Question 73

it may be more beneficial to focus on … NOT …, in our close relationships

Answer 73

obtaining rewards, rather than cutting costs

Question 74

T: we are attracted to partnerships that expand the range of our interests, skills, and experiences

Answer 74

self expansion model

Question 75

The key to staying happy, according to the self-expansion model, is …

Answer 75

to combat boredom by creatively finding ways to continue your personal growth Seek and invent “activities that are adventurous, passionate, playful, romantic, sexual, and spontaneous”

Question 76

even relationships that are destined to succeed and prosper—hit a lull in which the partners’ pleasure stalls for a time

Answer 76

t

Question 77

T: we should expect a period of adjustment and turmoil as new partners become accustomed to their increasing interdependence

Answer 77

relational turbulence

Question 78

what causes lull in excitement

Answer 78

1. as the partners spend more and more time together, they disrupt each others’ routines
2. Uncertainty and doubt can also accompany emerging commitment

Question 79

the turbulence model suggests that an unsettled period of adjustment and reevaluation often occurs at … levels of intimacy in a developing relationship as the partners learn to coordinate their needs and to accommodate each other.

Answer 79

moderate

Question 80

when does turbulence occur

Answer 80

transition to couple or if they undergo major transition e.g. baby

Question 81

being uncertain about marriage doesn’t predict relational satisfaction later on

Answer 81

f worrisome when people have lasting doubts about whether they should get married in the first place; women with reservations about marrying are about 2.5 times more likely to divorce later on than are those who have no doubts
Men have such doubts more often, but they’re only 1.5 times more likely to divorce as a result

Question 82

do men or women have more marriage doubts

Answer 82

men but less likely to predict divorce

Question 83

Are there predictable changes in satisfaction over longer stretches of time in established relationships?

Answer 83

the typical trajectory of marital bliss involved a gradual erosion of delight that resulted in people becoming less satisfied as the years rolled by

Question 84

in a number of couples—about …—the declines in contentment were much more severe

Answer 84

one in every six

Question 85

gay and lesbian couples experience milder decreases in satisfaction than heterosexual couples do

Answer 85

t

Question 86

about …—don’t experience large declines in their delight.

Answer 86

one in every four

Question 87

What distinguishes those who stay happy from the majority who become less content? 4

Answer 87

1. Spouses who stay happy tend to be low in neuroticism and high in self-esteem,
2. and they start their marriages being happier together than most other couples are.
3. They discuss touchy issues with affection and humor and without anger, and they l
4. uckily encounter relatively few stressors such as economic hardship or ill health

Question 88

happy couples keep their expectations in check so that their …s don’t get too high

Answer 88

CL

Question 89

are realistic or optimistic expectation for marriage better

Answer 89

realistic: people who begin their marriages with the highest expectations of how special and wonderful wedlock will be are the least happy spouses a few years down the road

Question 90

I can offer several reasons why prudent and cautious expectations about the futures of your intimate relationships are more reasonable and sensible than romantic idealism is.

Answer 90

1. it takes effort to be polite and charming
2. interdependency magnifies conflict and friction
3. intimacy means that others know your secrets, foibles, and weaknesses- cant hurt us more
4. even if people are usually aware of most of their incompatibilities and problems before they marry, there will almost always be some surprises ahead

Question 91

Frequent interaction also means that trivial annoyances may gradually cause real grief through sheer repetition

Answer 91

t

Question 92

even if people are usually aware of most of their incompatibilities and problems before they marry, there will almost always be some surprises ahead 2 general types

Answer 92

1. there’s learning the truth about things we thought we knew
2. learning undesired things that you didn’t know at all

Question 93

most “people are better off without having children”

Answer 93

t

Question 94

When babies arrive, …increases, and …with the marriage (and love for one’s partner) decrease

Answer 94

conflict

satisfaction

Question 95

most spouses’ satisfaction doesn’t declines during the first years of marriage

Answer 95

f most spouses’ satisfaction actually declines during the first years of marriage which is normal

Question 96

should we not be optimistic about the future of our relationships then?

Answer 96

f you should be optimistic that your close relationships will succeed; a positive outlook that is rooted in good sense is likely to make lasting satisfaction more, rather than less, attainable

Question 97

research doesn’t support interdependence theory

Answer 97

f Research supports the basic precepts of interdependence theory quite well

Question 98

If you want to keep valued relationships going, it’s to your advantage to ensure that your partners are just as dependent on you as you are on them, and a straightforward way to do that is to …

Answer 98

provide them great outcomes that make them want to stick around

Question 99

Actions that would be costly if enacted with a stranger can actually be rewarding in a close relationship because …and increase the likelihood that one will receive valuable rewards in return

Answer 99

they give pleasure to one’s partner

Question 100

there is likely to be plenty of compassionate thoughtfulness and magnanimity in interdependent relationships unless people are greedy

Answer 100

f even if they are

Question 101

when people seek closeness with others, they are often rather generous, offering more to others than they seek in return why

Answer 101

We seem to realize that rewarding interdependency is more likely to develop when we’re not greedily pursuing instant profit.

Question 102

T: people do favors for others expecting to be repaid by receiving comparable benefits in return.

Answer 102

exchange relationships

Question 103

…. are typified by superficial, often brief, relatively task-oriented encounters between strangers or acquaintances.

Answer 103

exchange relationships

Question 104

T: the partners feel a special concern for the other’s well-being, and they provide favors and support to one another without expecting repayment

Answer 104

communal relationships

Question 105

T: the partners feel a special concern for the other’s well-being, and they provide favors and support to one another without expecting repayment

Answer 105

communal relationships

Question 106

In communal relationships, people often make small sacrifices on behalf of their partners and do costly favors for each other, but they enjoy …

Answer 106

higher quality relationships as a result

Question 107

T: the motivation to be responsive to a particular partner’s needs:T

Answer 107

communal strength

Question 108

the lack of apparent greed in communal relationships indicate that the principles of exchange we’ve been discussing do not apply there

Answer 108

f What we do to meet a partner’s needs may involve very different actions from what the partner did to meet our own needs, and the reciprocity that results involves broad concern for each other instead of an exchange of specific favors

Question 109

the partners in a profitable communal relationship may not seem to be keeping track of their specific rewards and costs because…

Answer 109

they’re happy and they know they’re doing well, so there’s no need to fuss with the details

Question 110

a distinction between exchange and communal relationships is incompatible with interdependence theory at all

Answer 110

f isn’t
Communal relationships don’t involve the same explicit this-for-that exchange of specific benefits that occurs in exchange relationships, but they still require the profitable transfer of valuable rewards between the partners

Question 111

Most people seem to recognize, as interdependence theory suggests, that if you want others to be nice to you, …

Answer 111

you’ve got to be nice to them.

Question 112

T: people are most satisfied in relationships in which there is proportional justice, which means that each partner gains benefits from the relationship that are … to his or her contributions to it

Answer 112

equity theory

proportional

Question 113

that you not only have to be nice but also to be …

Answer 113

fair.

Question 114

A relationship is equitable when the ratio of your … to your … is similar to that of your partner

Answer 114

outcomes

contributions

Question 115

A relationship is fair, according to equity theory, only when a partner who is working harder to maintain the relationship is …

Answer 115

getting more out of it as well.

Question 116

Fred
Wilma
(a)80/50=80/50
(b)20/100=20/100
outcome contribution ratio: is relationship a or b more happy

Answer 116

both partners are receiving equal outcomes and making equal contributions, but the quality of outcomes is much higher for the partners in relationship (a) than for those in relationship (b).
Equity theory emphasizes fairness, not the overall amount of rewards people receive, and because both (a) and (b) are fair, they should both be satisfying to the partners

Question 117

(c)
50/25=100/50
how does this relationship fare

Answer 117

Relationship (c) is also equitable even though the partners do not make equal contributions or derive equal outcomes. Wilma is working harder to maintain the relationship than Fred is, but both of them are receiving outcomes that are proportional to their contributions; each is getting two units of benefit for every unit he or she contributes, so Wilma’s better outcomes are fair.

Question 118

(d)
80/50≠60/50
how does this relationship fare

Answer 118

the partners are working equally hard to maintain the relationship, but one of them is receiving better outcomes than the other
If you and I are making similar contributions to our relationship but I’m getting more from it, you’re likely to be annoyed.

Question 119

(e)

80/50 ≠ 80/30 HOW DOES THIS RELATIONSHIP FARE

Answer 119

the partners’ outcomes are the same, but their contributions are different. That, too, isn’t fair. If you and I are getting similar benefits from our relationship but I’m working harder to keep it going, then I’m likely to be annoyed.

Question 120

only the underbenifited is distressed in inequitable relationships

Answer 120

f both of the partners are likely to be distressed—even if they’re getting good outcomes—because neither relationship is fair.

Question 121

receiving better outcomes than he or she deserves, and the other is underbenefited, receiving less than he or she should. Does that matter?

Answer 121

Interdependence theory says it shouldn’t, much, as long as both partners are prospering, but equity theory says it does.

Question 122

It’s better to be over- than underbenefited, but overbenefited people to be somewhat less content than those who have equitable relationships why

Answer 122

of course, but people are presumed to dislike unfairness, being motivated to change or escape it

Question 123

What’s More Important? Being Treated Fairly or Excellent Outcomes?

Answer 123

the overall amount of reward that people receive is a better predictor of their satisfaction than is the level of equity they encounter

Question 124

it didn’t matter what one’s partner gave or got as long as …, and the more rewards people said they received from a relationship, the better they felt about it.

Answer 124

one’s own benefits were high enough

Question 125

complexity of equity vs outcomes? 3

Answer 125

1. personal differences in value of equity
2. equity may be more important in some domains than in others
3. equity is a salient issue when people are dissatisfied, but it’s only a minor issue when people are content

Question 126

equity may be more important in some domains than in others which 2 sensitive areas

Answer 126

household tasks and child care

Question 127

Cohabiting couples and gay and lesbian couples usually divide these tasks more fairly whereas equitable allocation of these duties is often difficult for married women to obtain why

Answer 127

so there may be something about heterosexual partnerships that leads husbands to expect to do less around the house

Question 128

Men who do their fair share of housework have more frequent and more satisfying sexual interactions with their wives

Answer 128

t

Question 129

Feminism Is Bad for Romance, Right?

Answer 129

women enjoy happier, healthier, and more stable romantic relationships when they are partnered with men who are feminists and better sex

Question 130

Okay, women like their men to think of them as equals. But what about the guys?

Answer 130

female feminists are less hostile toward men than other women are, and men who are partnered with feminist women enjoy more stable relationships and more sexual satisfaction than do men with traditional partners

Question 131

When rewards are ample, equity may ..

Answer 131

not matter much.

Question 132

people who are very dissatisfied are likely to perceive that they are being underbenefited by their partners what does this tell is

Answer 132

inequity may not cause people to become dissatisfied; instead, being dissatisfied could lead people to think they’re being treated unfairly

Question 133

But the bottom line is that … level matters more than inequity does explain

Answer 133

outcome
if our outcomes are poor and unsatisfactory, it isn’t much consolation if they’re fair, and if our outcomes are wonderful, inequity isn’t a major concern.

Question 134

Is simple greed a good description of people’s behavior in intimate relationships?

Answer 134

t even if it is ultimately greedy behavior, it’s not undesirable or exploitative.
still thoughtful, generous, and often loving

Question 135

T: a desire for the relationship to continue and the willingness to work to maintain it

Answer 135

commitment

Question 136

how is commitment experienced by happy and unhappy people

Answer 136

unhappy: unhappy people can be committed to their relationships, too, not because they want to stay where they are but because they feel they mustcommitment can be experienced more as burdensome entrapment than as a positive feeling
happy: concept of commitment with positive qualities such as sharing, supportiveness, honesty, faithfulness, and trust

Question 137

3 themes on the commitment scale

Answer 137

1. committed partners expect their relationship to continue.
2. They also hold a long-term view, foreseeing a future that involves their partners.
3. they are psychologically attached to each other so that they are happier when their partners are happy, too

Question 138

3 themes on the commitment scale

Answer 138

1. committed partners expect their relationship to continue.
2. They also hold a long-term view, foreseeing a future that involves their partners.
3. they are psychologically attached to each other so that they are happier when their partners are happy, too

Question 139

T: commitment emerges from all of the elements of social exchange that are associated with people’s CLs and CLalts

Answer 139

investment model

Question 140

what 3 things increase commitment

Answer 140

high satisfaction

2. low quality alternatives
3. high investments in relationship

Question 141

relationships often survive periods in which one or both partners are dissatisfied, tempted by alluring alternatives, or free to walk out at any time. Episodes such as these may stress the relationship and weaken the partners’ commitment, but the partnership may persist if …

Answer 141

the other components of commitment are holding it together.

Question 142

the investment model applies to everyone

Answer 142

t

Question 143

the usefulness of the investment model conflicts with an exchange perspective on intimate relationships.

Answer 143

the usefulness of the investment model provides general support for an exchange perspective on intimate relationships.

Question 144

there are some nuances in the nature of commitment that aren’t explicated by the investment model. what ?

Answer 144

1. forecast of how satisfying the partnership will be in the future
2. not a unitary concept

Question 145

different forms of commitment

Answer 145

1. personal commitment
2. constraint commitment
3. moral commitment

Question 146

T: occurs when people want to continue a relationship because they are attracted to their partners and the relationship is satisfying

Answer 146

personal commitment

Question 147

T: occurs when people feel they have to continue a relationship because it would be too costly for them to leave

Answer 147

constraint commitment

Question 148

T: derives from a sense of moral obligation to one’s partner or one’s relationship. Here, people feel they ought to continue the relationship because it would be improper to end it and break their promises or vows

Answer 148

moral commitment

Question 149

how does avoidance relate to commitment

Answer 149

1. people who are high in avoidance are more attentive to their alternatives= their CLalts tend to be higher than those of other people
2. approach motivations are weaker
3. less attracted to others who use communal norms

Question 150

people high in avoidance love when others do favours for them

Answer 150

f they prefer people who do not do favors for them without expecting something in return

Question 151

Thus, both anxiety about abandonment and avoidance of intimacy are associated—albeit for somewhat different reasons—with lower satisfaction and commitment in close relationships as time goes by why anxious

Answer 151

worry people will leave them nervously focus on averting conflict and other costly outcomes

Question 152

strongest form of commitment

Answer 152

usually personal but depends on sitch

Question 153

when people embark on a long-distance romantic relationship, moral commitment does a better job of predicting whether or not the partnership will survive the period of separation than personal commitment does

Answer 153

t

Question 154

The long-term orientation that characterizes commitment consequences of commitment?

Answer 154

1. reduces the pain that would otherwise accompany rough spots in the relationship.
2. see as us substantially reduce the costs of sacrifices that benefit the partner,
3. it leads people to take action to protect and maintain a relationship even when it is costly for them to do so.

Question 155

relationship maintenance mechanisms that commitment promotes?

Answer 155

accommodation
willingness to sacrifice
degradation of tempting alternatives

Question 156

people refrain from responding to provocation from their partners with similar ire of their own :T

Answer 156

accommodation

Question 157

T: They do things they wouldn’t do if they were on their own, and they do not do things they would have liked to do in order to benefit their partners and their partnerships.

Answer 157

willingness to sacrifice

Question 158

T: commitment leads us to judge other potential partners to be less attractive than they would seem to be if we were single and unattached

Answer 158

derogation of tempting alternatives

Question 159

even if we are basically greedy at heart, we are often unselfish, considerate, and caring to those we befriend and love. why

Answer 159

If people did these things indiscriminately, they would often be self-defeating. However, when they occur in interdependent relationships and when both partners behave this way, such actions provide powerful means of protecting and enhancing desired connections to others

Question 160

… theory offers an economic view of relationships that involves social exchange in which partners provide each other desirable rewards.

Answer 160

Interdependence

Question 161

The net profit or loss from an interaction is its ….

Answer 161

outcome.

Question 162

What Do We Expect from Our Relationships?

Answer 162

People have comparison levels (CLs) that reflect their expectations for their interactions with others. When the outcomes they receive exceed their CLs, they’re satisfied, but if their outcomes fall below their CLs, they’re discontent.

Question 163

How Well Could We Do Elsewhere?

Answer 163

People also judge the outcomes available elsewhere using a comparison level for alternatives (CLalt). When the outcomes they receive exceed their CLalts, they can’t do better elsewhere, and they’re dependent on their current partners.

Question 164

Four Types of Relationships. Comparing people’s CLs and CLalts with their outcomes yields four different relationship states:

Answer 164

happy and stable; happy and unstable; unhappy and stable; and unhappy and unstable.

Question 165

People adapt to the outcomes they receive, and relationships can become less satisfying as the partners’ … rise

Answer 165

CLs`

Question 166

Cultural influences shape both our ..2

Answer 166

expectations and our CLalts.

Question 167

Counting up the rewards and costs of a relationship provides extraordinary information about its current state and likely future.

Answer 167

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Question 168

Rewards and Costs Are Different how

Answer 168

An approach motivation leads us to seek rewards, an avoidance motivation leads us to avoid costs, and the extent to which each is fulfilled defines different relationship states.

Question 169

how do rewards and costs differ as time goes by

Answer 169

A relational turbulence model suggests that new relationships usually encounter a lull when partners adjust to their new status as an established couple. Thereafter, marital satisfaction usually decreases over the first years of marriage

Question 170

Thereafter, marital satisfaction usually decreases over the first years of marriage why 4

Answer 170

This may be due to the partners’ lack of effort and to the manner in which interdependence magnifies small irritations, and to other routine influences such as unwelcome surprises and unrealistic expectations.

Question 171

what are communal relationships

Answer 171

relationships involve selfless concern for another’s needs.

Question 172

overbenefit is not always associated with reduced satisfaction with a relationship—but underbenefit is.

Answer 172

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Question 173

Both the …2, when it occurs, determine how happy and stable a relationship will be.

Answer 173

quality of outcomes one receives and underbenefit