chapter 12 Flashcards
90 percent of young women and 87 percent of young men said they believed that dating partners should have what proportion of power
“exactly equal say” in the relationship
T: the ability to influence or change the thoughts, feelings, or behavior of others to suit our purposes and to resist their influence on us
social power or power
There are different ways to analyze social power, but a foremost perspective is that of …
interdependence theory
From an interdependency perspective, power is based on …
the control of valuable resources or access to them
T: If your partner loves and needs you more than you love him or her, you’ll get to do what you want more often than not.
principle of lesser interest
how do CL alt influence power
being more dependent means having less power.
differences in available alternatives may be one reason that men are typically more powerful than women in traditional marriages. why 2
they may encounter larger numbers of other potential partners, and second, they’re more likely to have the money to pursue them if they wish
There are two more points to make about the interdependence perspective on power. First, interdependence theory recognizes two different broad types of power.
fate control or behaviour control
T: One can autocratically determine what outcomes a partner receives, thereby controlling what will happen to the other
fate control
by changing one’s own behavior, one encourages a partner to alter his or her actions in a desirable direction, too.
behaviour control
If a woman offers to provide a special backrub if her partner cleans the garage, she’s engaging in …
behaviour control vs fate would be if women refuses to have sex and she is only option
one partner’s power over the other will be matched by the other’s counterpower over the one, so that both partners ….
are able to get each other to do what they want some of the time.
So, power is based on the resources we control—but what kinds of resources are involved? 6
reward, coercive, legitimate, expert, informational
T: when our partners believe that we have a reasonable right to tell them what to do, and they have an obligation to comply
LEGITIMATE POWER
T: refer to a person’s ability to bestow various rewards and punishments on someone else
reward or coercive power
a wife is supposed not only to love and honor him, but to obey him as well, doing whatever he asks what kind of power
legitimate
This form of legitimate power comes from being in a position of authority, but potent social norms can also impart legitimate power to requests that come from anyone what 3 norms
equity, reciprocity and social responsibility
T: over our partners when they adore us and wish to do what we want because they feel connected to us
referent power
T: exists when our partners recognize our superior knowledge and experience and are influenced by us because we know more than they do
expert power
T: when we have specific pieces of information that influence our partners’ behavior; our partners may do what we want if we offer to share a juicy bit of gossip with them.
informational power
In no known societies do women dominate men. In all societies that accumulate wealth, men, on average, enjoy more power than women, on average, and this appears to have been true throughout human history
t
Heterosexual couples who seek to share power equally are swimming upstream against long-standing tradition, and there are three reasons for this.
- men and women generally face a disparity in relative resources
- Social norms support and maintain male dominance
- We’re not sure what it looks like
men and women make the same as men today
f but in about two-thirds of American marriages, he still makes more money than she does
Theorists describe some resources (such as money) as … and others (such as love) as …
universalistic (exchange with anyone)
particularistic (valuable in some but not all situations
We expect husbands to be less satisfied with their marriages when they have lower professional status than their wives
t
Americans actually tend to think that women have skills that should make them more effective leaders than men so why don’t they have more power
legitimate power still seems “unladylike” to some people
Americans tend to prefer that their surgeons, lawyers, and airline pilots be men rather than women (Morin & Cohn, 2008). Women are preferred as elementary school teachers.
… suggests that it’s ordinary and natural for men to make more money and to be in charge most of the time
cultural tradition
men and women do different tasks around the house so is their time measured +ly?
f that division of labor cannot possibly value wives’ and husbands’ time equally:
The wives’ duties are constant, and the husbands’ are intermittent
whereas an American woman does 18 hours of housework each week, on average, a man does only …
10
who makes decisions about fundamental, central decisions regarding the relationship
men
Wives do control most household routines, but because their husbands
t but are more likely to get their way when it really matters, the husbands are more powerful
when women’s disadvantage in relative resources is erased these disparities =
f just lesser extent
e.g. wives with higher incomes do a smaller proportion of the household chores, but they still do most of them
men often have a lot of coercive power why
due to their typically larger size and greater strength
why does coercive power not work
partners who are coerced are actually less compromising than they would have been had gentler power been employed
compared to the rest of us, they tend to think that they can control events that are uncontrollable, such as the outcome of a roll of some dice who
powerful people
powerful people do what they want
t
If you ask powerful people to quickly draw an “E” on their foreheads, they are much more likely than people of low power to draw the letter as if they were reading it
t
how does power influence mate value
People who are randomly assigned to lead work groups in lab studies expect that their subordinates will find them sexually interesting, and if they approve of casual sex, they both judge their subordinates to be more sexually available and stage more flirtatious interactions with them than those of lesser power do
powerful people more cheating
t
how do they view their cheating
powerful people judge others’ moral transgressions more harshly than their own, so that, compared to less powerful people, they’re more strict in condemning others’ cheating while cheating more often themselves
problems of low power
Those who find themselves in positions of low power suffer more depression, behave more cautiously, and Page 368timidly fear more punishment than powerful people do
ways power is expressed
conversation, nonverbal behaviour, nonverbal sensitivity, styles of power
women tend not to speak to men with the same implicit strength and power that they display toward other women how is this shown
allow more interruptions
what nonverbal do powerful people use
powerful people use larger interpersonal distances, display more intense facial expressions, and assume postures that are less symmetrical and that take up more space than those of people who are less powerful
powerful positions are also considered more…
masculine
those who assume more space may feel more powerful; how does it impact them
male or female, their testosterone levels rise, and they take bolder risks in a gambling game
a person’s nonverbal sensitivity also has something to do with how powerful and dominant he or she is how
Powerful people recognize emotion in others’ voices and facial expressions less acccurately than those with lower power do.
how is nonverbal sensitivity adaptive to subordinates
subordinates can increase their own (limited) power when they carefully monitor their supervisors’ moods
in being adept users of …, women gain valuable information that can make them more pleasing partners and that can increase their influence over men
nonverbal communication
Just what strategies, then, do men and women use in their efforts to influence each other? 2
Their efforts to influence their partners were overt and direct, and their preferences were plain. On other occasions, however, people’s actions were more indirect; they hinted at what they wanted or pouted when their wishes were unfulfilled
which power strat= satisfaction
the more satisfied people were with their relationships, the more likely they were to use direct strategies
they feel safe enough to be honest and forthright with their partners or indirect could be result of individual errors in getting what they want= chicken egg
themes that distinguish power styles
direct vs indirect
bilateral vs unilateral
people sought cooperation or collaboration from their partners, and their strategies were …., involving both members of the couple
bilateral
people took independent … action, doing what they wanted without involving their partners.
unilateral
people who reported that they were more powerful than their partners said that they frequently used unilaterial strategies
f bilateral
How do such negotiations proceed? condom use
The most common strategy is a direct one= good approach
condom: In most cases, though, the partner who is … gets what he or she wants
less committed to the relationship= lesser interest
just going ahead and putting a condom on without stating it is a good approach
t Without saying a word, you can demonstrate that condom use is expected and appreciated.
how do people who don’t want to wear condom express interest
when people don’t want to use a condom, they usually don’t mention their preference
