Article on Attachment: 1

Question 1

The theory of attachment was originally developed by …

Answer 1

John Bowlby

Question 2

what’s John Bowlby trying to figure out

Answer 2

who was attempting to understand the intense distress experienced by infants who had been separated from their parents

Question 3

what was the belief before for Bowlby that was causing the behaviour of those with insecure attachments

Answer 3

psychoanalytic writers held that these expressions were manifestations of immature defense mechanisms that were operating to repress emotional pain
but Bowlby noted that such expressions are common to a wide variety of mammalian species, and speculated that these behaviors may serve an evolutionary function.

Question 4

Drawing on .. theory, Bowlby postulated that these attachment behaviors, such as crying and searching, were adaptive responses to …

Answer 4

ethological

separation from a primary attachment figure

Question 5

T: someone who provides support, protection, and care.

Answer 5

attachment figure

Question 6

over the course of evolutionary history, infants who were able to … would be more likely to survive to a reproductive age

Answer 6

maintain proximity to an attachment figure via attachment behaviors

Question 7

According to Bowlby, a motivational system, what he called the …, was gradually “designed” by natural selection to regulate proximity to an attachment figure.

Answer 7

attachment behavioral system

Question 8

The attachment behavior system is an important concept in attachment theory because it provides the conceptual linkage between ethological models of … and modern theories on …

Answer 8

human development

emotion regulation and personality.

Question 9

These behaviors continue until either the child is able to reestablish a desirable level of physical or psychological proximity to the attachment figure, or until the child “wears down,” as may happen in the context of a prolonged separation or loss. what follows being worn down

Answer 9

believed that young children experienced profound despair and depression.

Question 10

it wasn’t until his colleague, …, began to systematically study infant-parent separations that a formal understanding of these individual differences was articulated.

Answer 10

Mary Ainsworth

Question 11

In the strange situation, most children (i.e., about …%) behave in the way implied by Bowlby’s “normative” or secure theory.Ainsworth and her students developed a technique called the strange situation–a laboratory paradigm for studying infant-parent attachment.

Answer 11

60

Question 12

Other children (about …% or less) are ill-at-ease initially, and, upon separation, become extremely distressed.

Answer 12

20

Question 13

these children have a difficult time being soothed, and often exhibit conflicting behaviors that suggest they want to be comforted, but that they also want to “punish” the parent for leaving. :T

Answer 13

These children are often called anxious-resistant

Question 14

(about …%) don’t appear too distressed by the separation, and, upon reunion, actively avoid seeking contact with their parent, sometimes turning their attention to play objects on the laboratory floor.

Answer 14

20

Question 15

Ainsworth’s work was important for at least three reasons. …

Answer 15

First, she provided one of the first empirical demonstrations of how attachment behavior is patterned in both safe and frightening contexts. Second, she provided the first empirical taxonomy of individual differences in infant attachment patterns

Question 16

Bowlby proved the existence of adult attachment in romantic relationships

Answer 16

f he believed that attachment characterized human experience from “the cradle to the grave.” It was not until the mid-1980’s, however, that researchers began to take seriously the possibility that attachment processes may play out in adulthood

Question 17

Hazan and Shaver noted that the relationship between infants and caregivers and the relationship between adult romantic partners share the following features: 6

Answer 17

both feel safe when the other is nearby and responsive
both engage in close, intimate, bodily contact
both feel insecure when the other is inaccessible
both share discoveries with one another
both play with one another’s facial features and exhibit a mutual fascination and preoccupation with one another
both engage in “baby talk”

Question 18

romantic love is a property of the attachment behavioral system, as well as the motivational systems that give rise to …

Answer 18

caregiving and sexuality

Question 19

The idea that romantic relationships may be attachment relationships has had a profound influence on modern research on close relationships. There are at least three critical implications of this idea

Answer 19

1. if adult romantic relationships are attachment relationships, then we should observe the same kinds of individual differences in adult relationships that Ainsworth observed in infant-caregiver relationships
2. if adult romantic relationships are attachment relationships, then the way adult relationships “work” should be similar to the way infant-caregiver relationships work
3. whether an adult is secure or insecure in his or her adult relationships may be a partial reflection of his or her experiences with his or her primary caregivers.

Question 20

In other words, the same kinds of factors that facilitate exploration in children (i.e., having a responsive caregiver) should facilitate …

Answer 20

exploration among adults (i.e., having a responsive partner)

Question 21

Bowlby believed that the … (i.e., expectations, beliefs, “rules” or “scripts” for behaving and thinking) that a child holds regarding relationships are a function of his or her caregiving experiences

Answer 21

mental representations or working models

Question 22

what kind of process should promote continuity in attachment patterns over the life course

Answer 22

a secure child tends to believe that others will be there for him or her because previous experiences have led him or her to this conclusion. Once a child has developed such expectations, he or she will tend to seek out relational experiences that are consistent with those expectations and perceive others in a way that is colored by those beliefs

Question 23

the association between individual differences in adult attachment and the way people think about their relationships and their memories for what their relationships with their parents are like :T

Answer 23

These individual differences are often referred to as attachment styles, attachment patterns, attachment orientations, or differences in the organization of the attachment system

Question 24

how did the distribution of attachment styles in adulthood compare to that of children

Answer 24

Based on this three-category measure, Hazan and Shaver found that the distribution of categories was similar to that observed in infancy

Question 25

Brennan’s findings suggested that there are two fundamental dimensions with respect to adult attachment patterns what are they

Answer 25

attachment-related anxiety

attachment-related avoidance

Question 26

what does high and low scores of attachment-related anxiety manifest

Answer 26

People who score high on this variable tend to worry whether their partner is available, responsive, attentive, etc. People who score on the low end of this variable are more secure in the perceived responsiveness of their partners

Question 27

how do people who are high or low in attachment-related avoidance compare

Answer 27

People on the high end of this dimension prefer not to rely on others or open up to others. People on the low end of this dimension are more comfortable being intimate with others and are more secure depending upon and having others depend upon them. A prototypical secure adult is low on both of these dimensions.

Question 28

how do people who are high or low in attachment-related avoidance compare

Answer 28

People on the high end of this dimension prefer not to rely on others or open up to others. People on the low end of this dimension are more comfortable being intimate with others and are more secure depending upon and having others depend upon them. A prototypical secure adult is low on both of these dimensions.

Question 29

Brennan’s findings are critical because recent analyses of the statistical patterning of behavior among infants in the strange situation reveal two functionally similar dimensions what does this suggest

Answer 29

suggesting that similar patterns of attachment exist at different points in the life span

Question 30

most researchers currently conceptualize and measure individual differences in attachment .. rather than…

Answer 30

dimensionally rather than categorically.

Question 31

The most popular measures of adult attachment style are ..

Answer 31

.Brennan, Clark, and Shaver’s (1998) ECR and Fraley, Waller, and Brennan’s (2000) ECR-R–a revised version of the ECR.

Question 32

Naturalistic research on adults ..demonstrated that behaviors indicative of attachment-related protest and caregiving were evident, and that the regulation of these behaviors was associated with attachment style

Answer 32

.separating from their partners at an airport

Question 33

some of the parallels that have been discovered between the way that infant-caregiver relationships and adult romantic relationships function.?

Answer 33

partner selection

secure base and haven behaviour

Question 34

Cross-cultural studies suggest that the … pattern of attachment in infancy is universally considered the most desirable pattern by mothers

Answer 34

secure

Question 35

Adults seeking long-term relationships identify responsive caregiving qualities, such as attentiveness, warmth, and sensitivity, as most “attractive” in potential dating partners. is this always what we get?

Answer 35

Despite the attractiveness of secure qualities, however, not all adults are paired with secure partners. Some evidence suggests that people end up in relationships with partners who confirm their existing beliefs about attachment relationships

Question 36

in infancy and adulthood, secure infants tend to be the most well adjusted, in the sense that they are relatively …3

Answer 36

resilient, they get along with their peers, and are well liked

Question 37

secure adults tend to be more satisfied in their relationships than insecure adults

Answer 37

t

Question 38

A large proportion of research on adult attachment has been devoted to uncovering the behavioral and psychological mechanisms that promote security and secure base behavior in adults. There have been two major discoveries thus far.

Answer 38

1. secure adults are more likely than insecure adults to seek support from their partners when distressed. and provide support
2. the attributions that insecure individuals make concerning their partner’s behavior during and following relational conflicts exacerbate, rather than alleviate, their insecurities

Question 39

adults with secure attachment in relationships are characterized by greater …4

Answer 39

longevity, trust, commitment, and interdependence

Question 40

A large proportion of research on adult attachment has been devoted to uncovering the behavioral and psychological mechanisms that promote security and secure base behavior in adults. There have been two major discoveries thus far.

Answer 40

1. secure adults are more likely than insecure adults to seek support from their partners when distressed. and provide support
2. the attributions that insecure individuals make concerning their partner’s behavior during and following relational conflicts exacerbate, rather than alleviate, their insecurities

Question 41

whether children who withdraw from their parents–avoidant children–are truly less distressed or whether their defensive behavior is a cover-up for their true feelings of vulnerability?

Answer 41

avoidant children are distressed by the separation despite the fact that they come across in a cool, defensive manner.

Question 42

Although some avoidant adults, often called … adults, are poorly adjusted despite their defensive nature, others, often called …, are able to use defensive strategies in an adaptive way.

Answer 42

fearfully-avoidant

dismissing-avoidant adults

Question 43

T: individuals who are high on the dimension of attachment-related avoidance but low on the dimension of attachment-related anxiety

Answer 43

dismissing

Question 44

how did dismissing individuals compare to fearful avoidant individuals in emotional suppression

Answer 44

they could deactivate their physiological arousal to some degree and minimize the attention they paid to attachment-related thoughts. Fearfully-avoidant individuals were not as successful in suppressing their emotions.

Question 45

Although the idea that early attachment experiences might have an influence on attachment style in romantic relationships is relatively uncontroversial, hypotheses about the … and … of overlap between the two kinds of attachment orientations have been controversial.

Answer 45

source and degree

Question 46

There are at least two issues involved in considering the question of stability: …

Answer 46

(a) How much similarity is there between the security people experience with different people in their lives? and (b) With respect to any one of these relationships, how stable is security over time?

Question 47

it appears that there is a .. degree of overlap between how secure people feel with their mothers, for example, and how secure they feel with their romantic partners

Answer 47

modest

Question 48

With respect to the second issue, the stability of one’s attachment to one’s parents appears to be equal to a correlation of about .25 to .39=

Answer 48

modest

Question 49

Based on these kinds of studies, it seems likely that attachment styles in the child-parent domain and attachment styles in the romantic relationship domain are highly related

Answer 49

f are only moderately related at best

Question 50

the social and cognitive mechanisms invoked by attachment theorists imply that stability in attachment style may be the rule rather than the exception

Answer 50

t but these basic mechanisms can predict either long-run continuity or discontinuity, depending on the precise ways in which they are conceptualized

Question 51

one model assumes that existing representations are updated and revised in light of new experiences such that older representations are eventually “….”

Answer 51

overwritten

Question 52

in the first model Mathematical analyses revealed that this model predicts that the long-term stability of individual differences will approach …

Answer 52

zero

Question 53

Fraley (2002) discussed two models of continuity derived from attachment theory that make different predictions about long-term continuity even though they were derived from the same basic theoretical principles what is the important point here

Answer 53

The important point here is that the principles of attachment theory can be used to derive developmental models that make strikingly different predictions about the long-term stability of individual differences.

Question 54

The second model is similar to the first, but makes the additional assumption that representational models developed in the first year of life are … and continue to influence relational behavior throughout the life course.

Answer 54

preserved (i.e., they are not overwritten)

Question 55

long-term stability of individual differences should be considered … rather than a … of the theory.

Answer 55

an empirical question rather than an assumption

Question 56

all romantic relationships are attachment relationships

Answer 56

f it is probably the case that, while some romantic relationships are genuine attachment relationships, others are not

Question 57

attachment serves an important evolutionary function among adults.

Answer 57

it is not clear whether it does or does not

Question 58

we still don’t have a strong understanding of the precise factors that may change a person’s attachment style

Answer 58

t