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Article on Rejection Flashcards

1
Q

rejection induces a state of cognitive deconstruction akin to the psychological response to…

A

traumatic physical injury

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2
Q

Although people form and maintain romantic bonds for many reasons – pleasure, companionship, or social norms why are romantic ones unique from an evolutionary perspective

A

reproduction

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3
Q

love is literally intoxicating

A

t

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4
Q

unhappily married individuals exhibit higher …3 than their happily married counterparts

A

blood pressure, higher levels of overall stress, and higher rates of depression

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5
Q

Divorce, which is perhaps the ultimate rejection in romantic relationships is associated with the same negative health consequences as unhappily married couples

A

f worse

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6
Q

people also possess psychological mechanisms uniquely dedicated to helping them maintain connections and avoid rejection. These social-regulatory mechanisms are located within …

A

the self

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7
Q

psychologists have identified a number of social-psychological and personality variables that function to regulate thinking, feeling, and behaving within close relationships, servicing the primary goals of achieving belonging and avoiding rejection: give 5 examples

A

self esteem
rejection sensitivity
the attachment system
perceived regard and responsiveness

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8
Q

T: which reflects one’s chronic feelings of being valued by relationship partners

A

relational security

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9
Q

Feelings of relational security develop how

A

from experiences within close relationships with parents, friends, and romantic partners during key developmental periods, such as childhood and adolescence

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10
Q

how do those who are relationally secure think of rejection

A

he thinks rejection is unlikely and if it does happen, he knows he can handle it emotionally and socially.

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11
Q

what breeds relational insecurity

A

if close others are rejecting, hostile, unavailable, self-involved, and generally unable to meet one’s needs during childhood and adolescence

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12
Q

how do those who are relationally insecure think of rejection

A

anxiously anticipates rejection, and is relatively untrusting of her romantic partners

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13
Q

relational security is quite stable over time and is treated like a personality trait by psychologists

A

relational security is also highly context dependent

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14
Q

the contrasting feelings and beliefs that characterize relational security and insecurity play an important role in shaping people’s … experiences during romantic-relationship initiation and within ongoing romantic relationships

A

rejection

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15
Q

when insecure partners weigh the perceived rewards of … with a potential or current romantic partner against the perceived costs of …, the costs often outweigh the rewards

A

pursuing increased connection

rejection

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16
Q

whereas the threat of rejection causes secure individuals to …during relationship initiation (a perceptual bias that ensures that secure would-be lovers will work hard to achieve the connection they prize), the same threat of rejection causes insecure individuals to self-protectively …

A

optimistically over-detect acceptance

under-detect acceptance

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17
Q

when will insecure suitors risk relationship initiation

A

when acceptance is virtually guaranteed, and rejection is highly unlikely

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18
Q

why do secure men may experience more success during relationship initiation than insecure men

A

Because direct initiation tactics tend to be more successful than indirect tactics, like passive proximity-seeking,

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19
Q

Secure individuals respond to the threat of rejection with …

A

heightened warmth and friendly interpersonal behaviors.

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20
Q

insecure individuals respond to the threat of rejection by …

A

inhibiting their interpersonal warmth as a self-protective strategy

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21
Q

But there also exist cognitive mechanisms to explain the perpetuation of relational security, including …2

A

low standards and lack of selectivity

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22
Q

It is possible that insecure individuals’ … is partially responsible for their lack of selectivity, because rejection by potential romantic partners causes relational insecurity, which in turn lowers people’s mating aspirations

A

history of rejection

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23
Q

Rejection leads to relational insecurity prompting low mating standards, which in turn leads to …

A

unselectivity and actual rejection.

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24
Q

potential suitors experience … during relationship initiation, and thus assume that fears of rejection influence their own behavior but not their partner’s behavior

A

pluralistic ignorance

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25
Q

only insecure relational people experience pluralistic ignorance

A

Although everyone exhibits this type of pluralistic ignorance during relationship initiation, we suspect that insecure individuals are more prone to this bias than secure individuals.

26
Q

when experimenters informed single male participants that their attractive, single, female interaction partner (actually a confederate) was feeling anxious and nervous about an upcoming face-to-face meeting with the male participant – information that would serve to reduce the men’s pluralistic ignorance concerning the cause of the woman’s subsequent behavior- how did this change insecure vs secure mens responses

A

insecure men dramatically increased their warm and friendly behaviors during the face-to-face meeting. In contrast, secure men’s behavior was unaffected by the disclosure.

27
Q

the difference in relational security reflects social abilities

A

f it is essential to understand that none of the differences between secure and insecure individuals that we described above reflect individual differences in social abilities

28
Q

When the threat of rejection is reduced or eliminated during relationship initiation (e.g., in a one-time social interaction), what happens to perceived acceptance

A

insecure and secure individuals perceive the same level of acceptance from potential romantic partners, use similar levels of warmth , and are equally direct in their initiation tactics (insecure individuals are perfectly capable of detecting acceptance and behaving warmly and directly with potential romantic partners, but their fears of rejection motivate them to cautiously suppress these abilitie)

29
Q

secure and insecure individuals are just as likely to successfully form romantic relationships so what’s the difference

A

we suspect that the road to relationship formation is more fraught with failed attempts, anxiety, and self-doubts for insecure than secure individuals and more breakups

30
Q

One promising intervention that has been identified is called …, whereby participants write about an important personal value they hold (e.g., family) as a means of buffering the self against threats like rejection

A

self-affirmation

31
Q

insecure participants who completed a one-time self-affirmation task in the lab experienced increases in their relational security and behaved more warmly during a social interaction with a stranger up to eight weeks later

A

t

32
Q

Relationally insecure partners are equally likely to find happiness in their romantic bonds

A

f less

33
Q

insecure relational people often bring about rejection nd Such outcomes are especially likely to occur when people use self-protective strategies …when

A

in the absence of a real threat of rejection

34
Q

proving support improves the support givers relational security- how

A

the added closeness would serve to reinforce the support- giver’s relational security.

35
Q

such perceived rejection can cause insecure partners to become hostile and aggressive towards their romantic partner- why

A

because rejection causes people to ascribe hostile intentions to their loved one’s ambiguous behavior

36
Q

Sometimes, negative behaviors that communicate rejection to one’s spouse can have a positive influence on relationship processes when and why

A

Ruby’s anger and criticism may sometimes motivate Ethan to “shape up” and pick up after himself more often
A victim’s rejection and a lack of forgiveness towards a chronic perpetrator can also decrease the prevalence of psychological and physical aggression within romantic relationships over time

37
Q

Hostility within marriage undermines marital quality over time, particularly …hostility and anger

A

wives’

38
Q

One intervention targets relationally-insecure partners’ biased perception of their partner’s love.- why do they overlook their partners regard

A

One reason that insecure partners seem to overlook their partner’s regard is because they fail to generalize from specific instances of positive regard to a more global perception of their partner’s love and affection

39
Q

Because insecure partners often experience and express emotional vulnerabilities within their romantic relationships, insecure partners come to believe that their romantic partners view them as …2

A

insecure and needy

40
Q

insecure Ruby may conclude that Ethan’s behaviors are not truly motivated by positive regard and love, but instead are motivated by his perception that she is …

A

delicate and in need of careful handling, he is just being nice

41
Q

insecure partners are subtly guided to reframe a specific compliment from their partner as reflecting their partner’s global admiration, then what happens to insecure partners over time

A

experience increases in relational security that are maintained over time

42
Q

Being loved by a romantic partner who has … about one’s qualities, and thus perceives one’s qualities in an idealized way, increases one’s relational security over time
and also buffers couples against normative declines in satisfaction over time

A

positive illusions

43
Q

One way that these transformations may occur is via the process of …, whereby one partner will subtly regulate the emotions and behavior of the insecure partner in the relationship

A

partner buffering

44
Q

Why would this buffering be necessary?

A

Relationally insecure partners become overwhelmed by their fears and anxieties when the threat of rejection is present within their romantic bonds

45
Q

those with low relational security they do not have the regulatory energy to engage in …, whereby partners replace their self-interested motives with relationship- and partner-benefitting motives, and suppress hostile reactions to their partner’s (real or perceived) bad behavior.

A

accommodation

46
Q

Ruby’s hostile reaction to Ethan’s bad mood at the end of a long work day reflects a failure to …

A

accommodate.

47
Q

insecure partners may also compensate their partners for the costs of their over-reactions to rejection what are some of these behaviours

A

cleaning up after one’s partner, packing their lunch, and running errands on their behalf the next day

48
Q

T: insecure partners may also compensate their partners for the costs of their over-reactions to rejection

A

dependence-promoting behaviors

49
Q

dependence-promoting behaviors benefit the partner at the individual’s own expense and also serve to make the individual more …

A

indispensable to the partner.

50
Q

All partners, regardless of the level of relational insecurity, engage in dependence-promoting behaviors on days following …

A

acute rejection concerns.
However, because insecure partners experience rejection concerns more often than secure partners, it is likely that insecure partners are more likely to use dependence-promoting behaviors as a method of buffering their partner against the costs of their own rejection concerns

51
Q

the consequences of rejection are worse for reationally insecure people

A

These consequences are especially worrisome for insecure individuals, whose history of rejection in their close relationships causes them to anxiously anticipate rejection and react strongly when rejection occurs.

52
Q

trying too hard to avoid rejection usually results in …

A

missed opportunities for connection, and even rejection.

53
Q

So if it cannot be avoided completely, how can people cope with romantic rejection when it does occur?

A

learning

54
Q

the relationship between negative health and divorce is causal

A

f correlational

55
Q

possible 3rd variable causing negative health outcomes of divorce ?

A

stigma

56
Q

it is important to remember that the anticipated hurt of romantic rejection is less than the actual hurt experienced

A

f anticipated usually much greater than the actual hurt people experience following a break-up

57
Q

Humans possess a remarkably powerful … that allows them to rebound from even the most traumatic experiences, yet people are remarkably unaware of its existence and function

A

psychological immune system

58
Q

avoiding negative rumination following a romantic rejection and instead … can buffer people against some of the upset they might otherwise experience

A

seeking to find meaning in the experience

59
Q

positives of experiencing rejection 2

A

Being rejected can make people more perceptive to social cues connoting acceptance
fuel creativity

60
Q

rejected individuals are better able to detect whether a smile is genuine or faked compared to their non- rejected counterparts why

A

Being rejected can make people more perceptive to social cues connoting acceptance

61
Q

why rejection fuel creativity

A

by fostering feelings of uniqueness from the rejecting person or group

62
Q

the vast majority of people report that their divorce was a good thing

A

t

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