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Physical Science > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the internal energy an object has because of the random motions of its individual molecules?

A

Thermal energy

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2
Q

What are the three factors that affect thermal energy?

A

Temperature, State, Mass

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3
Q

What is the state in which no thermal energy is transferred between objects because they are at the same temperature?

A

Thermal equilibrium

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4
Q

What is the transfer of thermal energy from an object of higher temperature to an object of lower temperature?

A

Heat

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5
Q

What is the amount of heat needed to change its temperature by a certain amount?

A

Heat Capacity

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6
Q

C=Q/(delta)T

A

Heat Capacity formula

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7
Q

What is the ratio of an object’s heat capacity to its mass?

A

Specific heat

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8
Q

What are the two formulas for specific heat?

A

c=C/m

c=Q/m(delta)T

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9
Q

What insulated container is a device used to measure heat involved in chemical and physical changes?

A

Calorimeter

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10
Q

What allows bridges to expand in warm weather and contract in cold weather?

A

Expansion joints

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11
Q

At what temperature does water stop contracting and begin expanding as it continues to cool?

A

4 Celsius

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12
Q

What bends in a mechanical thermostat due to the change in temperature?

A

Bimetallic strip

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13
Q

What are the three methods of heat transfer?

A

Conduction, Convection, Radiation

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14
Q

What method of heat transfer is the process by which heat flows through materials and between objects in direct contact?

A

Conduction

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15
Q

Who invented the miner’s safety lamp?

A

Sir Humphry Davy

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16
Q

What is the transfer of heat through moving fluids?

A

Convection

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17
Q

What are currents within a liquid caused by heated fluid rising and cooler fluid sinking?

A

Convection currents

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18
Q

What method of heat transfer can transfer heat without matter?

A

Radiation

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19
Q

What is a container used to store liquefied gases?

A

Dewar flask

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20
Q

Where is the only place that heat can escape from in a Dewar flask?

A

The stopper

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21
Q

What branch of physics deals with thermal energy, heat, and their relationships to other forms of energy and energy transfer?

A

Thermodynamics

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22
Q

What is the matter or portion of the universe being studied?

A

System

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23
Q

What are the entire universe except the system?

A

Surroundings

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24
Q

Which scientist experimented with heating water?

A

James Prescott Joule

25
Q

What is the relationship between mechanical energy and heat that Joule discovered?

A

Mechanical Equivalent of Heat

26
Q

What principle states that the energy gained or lost by a system is equal to the enemy lost or gained by its surroundings?

A

First Law of Thermodynamics

27
Q

What law is the first law of thermodynamics a practical restatement of?

A

Law of conservation of energy

28
Q

What is a theoretical device that would generate the maximum possible amount of work from a given amount of heat?

A

Carnot engine

29
Q

What states that natural processes only go one way, toward less usable energy and greater disorder?

A

Second Law of Thermodynamics

30
Q

What is the measure of the amount of disorder in a system?

A

Entropy

31
Q

What is an impossible machine that would generate its own energy once set into motion?

A

Perpetual motion machine

32
Q

What is the changing of a solid into liquid?

A

Melting (or fusion)

33
Q

What is the changing of a liquid into a solid?

A

Freezing

34
Q

Are the melting point and freezing points usually the same temperature?

A

Yes

35
Q

What is the phenomenon that occurs when the freezing point of a liquid is lowered by the addition of solutes?

A

Freezing point depression

36
Q

What are substances that dissolve in a liquid and affect the freezing point of that liquid?

A

Solutes

37
Q

What is the “hidden” heat absorbed or released when a substance undergoes a change of state?

A

Latent heat

38
Q

What is the latent heat required to change a given mass of a solid into a liquid without changing its temperature?

A

Heat of fusion

39
Q

In order to freeze, a substance must lose latent heat equal to what quantity?

A

The Heat of Fusion

40
Q

What is the changing of a substance from liquid to gas?

A

Evaporation (or vaporization)

41
Q

What are five factors that determine the rate of evaporation?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Surface area of the liquid
  3. Strength of air currents above the liquid
  4. Air pressure above the surface of the liquid
  5. Properties of the liquid
42
Q

What are liquids that evaporate rapidly?

A

Volatile liquids

43
Q

What are liquids that evaporate slowly?

A

Nonvolatile liquids

44
Q

What is the condition in which evaporation has begun occurring throughout the liquid?

A

Boiling

45
Q

How can the boiling point of liquid be controlled?

A

By controlling the pressure upon the liquid

46
Q

What is the phenomenon when nonvolatile solutes raise the boiling temperature?

A

Boiling point elevation

47
Q

What is the quantity of heat required to change a given amount of liquid already at its boiling point into a gas without raising its temperature?

A

Heat of vaporization

48
Q

Which is greater: heat of vaporization or heat of fusion?

A

Heat of vaporization

49
Q

What is the changing of a substance from gas into a liquid?

A

Condensation

50
Q

What is the pressure that must be exerted by the vapor the the vapor and liquid to be in equilibrium?

A

Vapor pressure

51
Q

What is the temperature at which the vapor pressure equals the pressure of the air above the liquid?

A

Boiling point

52
Q

What is the temperature above which a substance cannot exist in the liquid state but behaves as a gas regardless of the pressure upon it?

A

Critical temperature

53
Q

What are devices that use mechanical energy and latent heat to transfer thermal energy from a colder location to a warmer location?

A

Heat pumps

54
Q

What fluid used to transfer thermal energy throughout the system is the most important component of a heat pump?

A

Refrigerant

55
Q

What is the radiator that the pressurized refrigerant passes through to cool as it releases heat to the surroundings?

A

Condenser

56
Q

What is the winding tube that the warm, highly-pressurized, liquefied refrigerant flows through to be cooled?

A

Evaporater

57
Q

What is the changing of a substance from solid to gas, skipping the liquid stage?

A

Sublimation

58
Q

What is the changing of a gas directly to a solid, skipping the liquid stage?

A

Deposition

59
Q

What is the special state of matter that exists when temperatures are too high for matter to exist in its ordinary states?

A

Plasma

Physical Science (38 decks)

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