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Physical Science > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which philosopher’s teachings dominated science for 2000 years?

A

Aristotle

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2
Q

Who laid the foundation for modern physical science by discovering the laws of motion and gravitation?

A

Sir Isaac Newton

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3
Q

What are the branches of physics developed before 1900?

A

Classical physics

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4
Q

What is a mathematical quantity that has magnitude and direction?

A

Vector

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5
Q

What type of mathematical quantity only has magnitude?

A

Scalar

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6
Q

What is an object’s change in position?

A

Displacement

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7
Q

What is the effect of combining two or more vectors?

A

Resultant

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8
Q

What is the study of motion and forces?

A

Dynamics

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9
Q

What is the branch of physics that addresses he effects of forces on matter?

A

Mechanics

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10
Q

What is the distance traveled by an object per unit time?

A

Speed

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11
Q

Formula for Speed

A

v = 𝑑/𝑡

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12
Q

What vector measures the displacement of an object per unit of time?

A

Velocity

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13
Q

Formula for Velocity

A

𝑣⃗= Δ𝑥/t

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14
Q

What is any change in an object’s velocity, whether increase or decrease in speed or change in direction?

A

Acceleration

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15
Q

What is the space relative to which motion is measured?

A

Frame of reference

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16
Q

What law states that the velocity of an object doesn’t change unless the object is acted upon by an external force?

A

Newton’s First Law of Motion

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17
Q

What is the other name for the First Law of Motion?

A

Law of Inertia

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18
Q

What law states that the force required to accelerate an object at a certain rate equals the object’s mass times the desired acceleration?

A

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

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19
Q

Formula for Force

A

F = ma

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20
Q

What is the SI unit of force?

A

Newton

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21
Q

What law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction?

A

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

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22
Q

How to figure Net Force?

A

Add or subtract the two forces. Greater force is the direction of the resultant.

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23
Q

What represents the object and forces on it without considering the causes of the forces or the reaction forces exerted by the object?

A

Free-body diagram

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24
Q

What states that any two objects attract each other through gravitational force?

A

Law of universal gravitation

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25
Q

Formula for Law of Universal Gravitation

A

𝐹=𝐺 (𝑚_1 𝑚_2)/𝑟^2

26
Q

What is the gravitational force exerted on an object near the surface of the earth or any celestial body?

A

Gravity

27
Q

What is the number commonly accepted as the acceleration of gravity (g)?

A

9.81 m/s

28
Q

Formula for Free-fall Distance

A

d=1/2 𝑔𝑡^2

29
Q

What is the velocity at which the magnitude of drag equals the object’s weight and the object stops speeding up?

A

Terminal Velocity

30
Q

What is the center-seeking force that causes an object to travel in a curved path rather than a straight line?

A

Centripetal force

31
Q

What is an object that hangs from a fixed point and swings back and forth because of gravity?

A

Pendulum

32
Q

What type of friction affects sliding objects already in motion?

A

Kinetic friction

33
Q

What kind of friction affects stationary objects, preventing them from moving at all?

A

Static friction

34
Q

The effect of the surface on friction is called the ________.

A

Coefficient of friction (𝜇)

35
Q

Formula for Kinetic Friction Force

A

F_kf = 𝜇_𝑘F_w

36
Q

What is the transfer of energy from one object to another by a force?

A

Work

37
Q

Formula for work

A

W=fd

38
Q

What is the SI unit of work?

A

Joule

39
Q

What is the rate of doing work?

A

Power

40
Q

Formula for Power

A

P = W/t

41
Q

What is the SI unit of power?

A

Watt

42
Q

What is mathematically described as the product of the object’s mass and velocity?

A

Momentum

43
Q

Formula for momentum

A

𝑝⃗=𝑚𝑣⃗

44
Q

What are devices for doing work that were devised to multiply muscle power?

A

Machines

45
Q

Three main forms of assistance that simple machines provide.

A
  1. Multiply applied force
  2. Multiply the distance
  3. Change the direction of the force
46
Q

What is one measure of how much help a machine provides?

A

Mechanical advantage

47
Q

What is the multiplication of force by a machine when friction is negligible?

A

IMA

48
Q

Formula for IMA

A

IMA = input distance / output distance

49
Q

What is a measure of how well a machine converts input work into output work?

A

Efficiency

50
Q

Formula for Efficiency

A

𝜂= 𝑊_𝑜/𝑊_𝑖

51
Q

How are levers classified?

A

According to where the input and output forces are in relation to the fulcrum.

52
Q

What happens to the force if an input arm is longer than the output arm of the lever?

A

The force is multiplied.

53
Q

What simple machine is similar to a circular lever that multiplies either force or speed?

A

Wheel and axle

54
Q

What is a simple machine consisting of a wheel over which a rope or cable passes?

A

Pulley

55
Q

What simple machine is a combination of one or more fixed pulleys and one or more movable pulleys?

A

Block and tackle

56
Q

What simple machine is a sloping surface that allows an object to be raised without lifting it straight up?

A

Inclined plane

57
Q

Formula for IMA

A

IMA = d_i / d_o = (length/height)

58
Q

What is a special form of inclined plane that modifies the applied force and directs it to the side?

A

Wedge

59
Q

What is the distance from one of the ridges or threads on the screw’s shaft to the next?

A

Pitch

60
Q

Formula for IMA of a screw

A

𝐼𝑀𝐴= 2𝜋𝑟/𝑝

Physical Science (38 decks)

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