Chapter 15.6 Flashcards
What is the study of the chemistry of living things?
Biochemistry
What are the compounds that provide most of the energy of living things?
Carbohydrates
What are small carbohydrates that contain up to 10 rings of atoms?
Sugars
What are simple sugars with only one ring of atoms per molecule?
Monosaccharides
What is an important six-carbon sugar in plants and animals?
Glucose
What is the process of producing glucose in green plants?
Photosynthesis
What are two molecules of a monosaccharide linked to form a larger molecule?
Disaccharide
What are monosaccharides linked together to form hundreds or thousands of simple sugars?
Polysaccharides
What are polysaccharides found in plants?
Starches
What are polysaccharides found in animals and people?
Glycogen
What polysaccharide forms the walls of plant cells?
Cellulose
What is a group of biological compounds characterized by insolubility in water?
Lipids
What are the simplest lipid molecules?
Fatty acids
What is the common name for triglycerides?
Fats
What type of fat, including animal fats, are usually solid at room temperature?
Saturated fats
What type of fats have one or more double bonds between atoms and are usually liquid at room temperature?
Unsaturated fats
What lipid is used by our bodies to make bile, vitamin D, cell membrane, and hormones?
Cholesterol
What are globules of cholesterol encased in a membrane made of lipids and proteins?
Lipoproteins
Which type of lipoprotein can cause heart and artery disease?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
Which type of lipoprotein can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
What are complex organic molecules used to build and maintain living cells?
Proteins
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
What links amino acids together into proteins?
Peptide bonds
What type of protein shape remains straight after completion?
Fibrous proteins
What type of protein shape folds up when it is completed?
Globular proteins
What are special globular proteins that initiate or regulate chemical reactions within the cell?
Enzymes
What group of chemicals contain the plans or blueprints that guide the construction of proteins in the cell?
Nucleic acids
What is the cell’s master program that contains the cell’s information?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
What are the “ladder rungs” that contain nitrogen?
Bases
What is the shape of the structure of DNA?
Double helix
What is a segment of DNA that contains the code for a specific, substance, task, or characteristics?
Gene
What is the process by which the cells make a copy of DNA?
Transcription
What is the working copy of the DNA?
RNA
What is the process by which the body produces and uses energy from food?
Metabolism
What is the process in which glucose in burned in the mitochondria?
Cellular respiration
What is the special phosphorus compound that serves as the energy carrier of the cell?
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
