Chapter 5: Macromolecules 09/12/2023 Flashcards
What are macromolecules?
Large and complex molecules
What is a polymer?
Long molecules that consist of similar building blocks
What are monomers?
Repeating units that serve as building blocks
What molecules are called polymers?
Carbohydrates, proteins, and nuclei acids
What are enzymes?
Macromolecules that speed up chemical processes
What molecule is a monomer?
Fats(lipids)
What is a dehydration reaction?
When monomers bond due to the loss of a water molecule
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
When polymers turn into monomers and is the opposite of a dehydration reaction
What are carbohydrates?
Polymers of sugar
What are monosaccrides?
Simple carbs
What are polysaccharides?
Polymers of sugars that have storage
What is starch?
A polysaccharides storage that plants have and is made up of glucose monomers
What is glycogen?
A polysaccharides storage in animals
What is cellulose?
Polymer of glucose that is tough to digest in humans and is a component of tough walls in plants
What is chitin?
A polysaccharides found in the exoskeleton of arthropods
What are lipids?
Molecules that are monomers and are hydrophobic since they are made up of hydrocarbons that don’t mix in water
What is a fatty acid?
Consist of carboxyl group attached to carbon skeletons
What are saturated fatty acids?
Max number of hydrogen atoms and have no double bonds. Are solid at RT and easily packed
What are unsaturated fatty acids?
Have one or more double bonds. Liquid at RT and take up more space
What is trans fat?
Fat that contributes to heart disease more than saturated fats
What is a phospholipid?
Two fatty acids and a phosphate group
What is the head of a phospholipid?
Hydrophilic
What is the tail of a phospholipid?
Hydrophobic
What are steroids?
Lipids that have four fused rings in a carbon skeleton
What is cholesterol?
A type of steroid that is found in animals cell membranes
What are amino acids?
Organic molecules with nitrogen and carboxyl groups
What are proteins?
Polymers in which the monomer are amino acids
What are peptide bonds?
Amino acids linked by covalent bonds
What is a primary structure?
Looking at protein in a single file line
What is secondary structure?
The focus of coils and or helix
What is the tertiary structure?
3D structure
What is quaternary structure?
Multiple polypeptide chains
What is sickle cell disease?
An inherited blood disorder from the substitution of a single amino acid in hemoglobin protein
What is denaturation?
The loss of a protein’s original structure
What is nucleic acids?
Monomers called nucleotides that are found in DNA and genes
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
What is the process of genetic information?
DNA —> RNA—> protein
