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Biology 006 > Chapter 13: Meiosis > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Meiosis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is heredity?

A

The transmission of traits from one generation to the next

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2
Q

What is variation?

A

Differences in appearance in an offspring from parents to siblings

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3
Q

What is genetics?

A

The scientific study of heredity and variation

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4
Q

What are genes

A

The units of heredity and are made up of DNA

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5
Q

What are gametes

A

Sperm and egg

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6
Q

What is the locus?

A

The specific position of a gene along a chromosome

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7
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

The passing of genes to offspring without the fusion of gametes

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8
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

The passing of genes from two parents

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9
Q

What is the karyotype?

A

The ordered display of pairs of chromosomes

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10
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

The two chromosomes in each pair

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11
Q

What are sex chromosomes?

A

The X and Y chromosomes

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12
Q

What are autosomes?

A

The remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes

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13
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

2n or two sets of chromosomes

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14
Q

What is the diploid cell for humans?

A

2n=46

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15
Q

What is a haploid?

A

A single set of chromosomes such as a gamete

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16
Q

What is the haploid in humans?

A

N=23

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17
Q

What is fertilization?

A

The union of gametes (sperm and egg)

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18
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A fertilized egg and has one set of chromosomes from each paper

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19
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Gametes being reproduced and excludes replication of body cells

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20
Q

What is meiosis I?

A

The separating of homologous chromosomes

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21
Q

What is meiosis II?

A

The separating of sister chromatids

22
Q

What is prophase I?

A

Where each chromosome pairs with its homologous and crossing over occurs

23
Q

What are chiasmata?

A

In prophase I and is the X shaped regions where sites are

24
Q

What is metaphase I?

A

Where homologous line up at the metaphase plate

25
Q

What is anaphase I?

A

Where homologous chromosomes separate and move toward the opposite poles

26
Q

What is telophase I and cytokinesis?

A

Where each half of a cell has haploid set of chromosomes. Also, cytokinesis occurs simultaneously and forms haploid daughter cells

27
Q

What is prophase II?

A

Where spindle apparatus forms and where chromosomes move toward the metaphase

28
Q

What is metaphase II?

A

Where sister chromatids are no longer identical and attach to microtubules and arrange at the metaphase plate

29
Q

What is anaphase II?

A

Where sister chromatids separate and sister chromatids move into two new individual chromosomes toward opposite poles

30
Q

What is telophase II and cytokinesis?

A

Where chromosomes are at opposite poles and nuclei forms while chromosomes condense

31
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis produces diploid that identical while meiosis produces haploids that are unique

32
Q

What is unique to meiosis I?

A

Synapsids/crossing over, homologous pairs at metaphase plate, and separation of homologous

33
Q

What is the original source of genetic diversity?

A

Mutations or change in an organism DNA

34
Q

What do mutations do?

A

Create different versions of genes called alleles

35
Q

Which of the following phrases defines the term genome?

A

the complete set of an organism’s genes and other DNA sequences

36
Q

Asexual reproduction occurs during which of the following processes?

A

Mitosis

37
Q

Which of the following statements about reproduction is correct?

A

In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit half of their nuclear genes to each of their offspring.

38
Q

The figure represents the nucleus of an animal cell about to enter mitosis. How many different chromosomes are present in the diagram?

A

4

39
Q

Which of the following statements is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16?

A

Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs of chromosomes.

40
Q

Which of the following processes best describes the mechanism of gamete production in plants?

A

gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis

41
Q

A particular organism has 46 chromosomes in its karyotype. Which of the following statements is correct regarding this organism?

A

It produces gametes with 23 chromosomes.

42
Q

Which of the following statements best describes homologous chromosomes?

A

They carry information for the same traits.

43
Q

Many diploid organisms produce haploid gametes for reproduction. Which of the following best describes how the diploid number of chromosomes is restored in the offspring of these organisms?

A

fertilization combines chromosomes from each parent into resulting zygote

44
Q

Which of the following statements about the human X chromosomes is correct?

A

It carries genes that influence an individual’s biological sex.

45
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes a karyotype?

A

It is an organized image of a cell’s chromosomes.

46
Q

Which of the following processes will most likely produce a human zygote with 45 chromosomes?

A

an error during anaphase II while the sperm was produced

47
Q

A cell has completed meiosis I and the first cytokinesis, and is just beginning meiosis II. Which of the following statements describes its genetic contents?

A

It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis.

48
Q

The somatic cells of a particular plant each contain a total of 46 chromosomes. How do the chromosomes of this plant differ from the chromosomes of humans, who also have a total of 46?

A

The genes on this plant’s largest chromosome are significantly different than those on the largest human chromosome.

49
Q

Which of the following statements describes the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell after telophase of meiosis I?

A

The cells are haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.

50
Q

Which of the following events happens at the conclusion of meiosis I?

A

Homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated from each other.

51
Q

During which of the following processes do sister chromatids separate from each other?

A

during both mitosis and meiosis II

52
Q

Which of the following processes occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis?

A

synapsis of chromosomes

Biology 006 (24 decks)

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