Chapter 5: Anxiety, Trauma-Related and OCD Pt 2 Flashcards
An irrational fear of a specific object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function
Specific phobia
4 major subtybes of specific phobia
Blood-injury-injection phobia: people with this phobia inherit a strong vasovagal response to blood, injury, or the possibility of an injection, all of which cause a drop in blood pressure and a tendency to faint
- Situational phobias: fear of public transportation or enclosed places
- Natural environment phobias: sometimes very young people develop fears of situations or events occurring in nature. The major examples are heights, storms, and water.
- Animal phobias: fears of animals and insects
Reports of specific phobia ___ with age (increase/decrease)
decline with age
the fear, anxiety and avoidance is persistant for at least ____ ____ in order for it to be classified as a specific phobia
at least 6 months with this persistent fear
illness phobia
if you are afraid of contracting a disease and go to excessive and irrational lengths to avoid exposure to that disease.
which gender is most affected by specific phobia
women. lifetime prevalence rate was about twice as high in women than in men.
treatment paradox for specific phobia
even though specific phobia is common, treatable, and well understood, people very rarely come for treatment. The only time SP is treated is in very severe cases that prevent a person from living/going to work/school
3 methods of causing a phobia
1) direct experience
2) watching someone else experience (VICARIOUS)
3) being told about it (informational transmission)
* 4) experiencing a false alarm/ panic attach in a specific situation
- person may have an unexpected panic attack in a specific siutation, related to curernt life stress. A phobia of that situation may then develop.
4 things that have to occur for a person to develop a phobia
1) traumatic condition (ex/ experiencing, vicariously experiencing, or being told).
2) inherited tendency to fear situations that have always been dangerous to humans
3) we have to be susceptible to developing anxiety by focusing on the possibiltiy that the event will happen again
4) cultural and social factors (ex/ males will supposedly be less likely to develop a phobia).
Treatment of specific phobia
Exposure based exercises, which leads to the extinction of respondently-conditioned emotional response.
-change brain functioning by modifying neural circuitry in amygdala, insula and cingulate cortex (limbic structures)
- virtual reality may become a thing too.
Exposure based exercises as a treatment for specific phobia leads to the extinction of ____-___ ____ response.
Exposure based exercises, which leads to the extinction of respondently-conditioned emotional response
Social anxiety disorder is characterized by
marked fear or anxiety focused on one ormore social performance situations.
- fear of negative evaluation. Speaking in public, eating in a restaurant, or generally interacting with people
SAD is onset when
during adolesence.
what demographic has most SAD
higher among young, less educated single, SES individuals. more common in america that in collaborative cultures.
Causes of SAD
1) humans may be biologically predisposed or prepared to fear angry, critical, or rejecting people or face
2) pathways to developing social phobia include biological vulnerability, conditioning
- biological vulnerability could include being born to be socially inhibited, or having a predisposition to develop anxiety. there is a genetic component.
- generalized psychological vulnerability could include learned helplessness, or the belief that events cannot be controlled.
3) modellingof socially anxious parent
4) unexpected panic attack in a specific situation may resut in that situation being associated with that panic attack, and the person would be anxious about having a panic attack when they are in that position again.
5) traumatic event in childhood.
olfactory reference syndrome
a type of SAD that invovles someones anxiety about offending someone because of their body odour
T/F people with SAD are more likely to recognize mad faces andthink neutral faces are also mad
true. also, being exposed to angry faces results in greater activation of the amygdala.
SAD interpersonal transaction cycle
individuals interactions with people in their social environments contribute to and maintain social anxiety.
people with SAD have biaed social perceptions and expectations that lead them to behave in certain maladaptive ways in social interactions. This social behavior in turns elicits negative reactions from others, which confirms the biased perceptions.
ex/ SAD people are less likely to make eye contact and divulge information, and then people around them think they are low energy or less intelligent. This creates a reinforcing bias
People with SAD make more ___ comparisons
make more upward comparisons (ie/ assessments that someone else is superior to them). This causes them more anxiety and distress.
treatment for SAD
1) antidepressants have been found to reduce social anxiety, though relapse is comon when medications are discontinued
2) CBT for social phobia includes rehearsal or role play of feared social situations in a group setting. Also includes INTERPERSONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY.
- family based treatment appears to out perform individual treatment when the child’s parents also have an anxiety disorder.
- CMT and SSRIs are comparable in efficacy, but combinding them was no better than two individual treatments.
CBT for social phobia includes ___ or ___ ___of feared social situations in a group setting
CBT for social phobia includes rehearsal or role play of feared social situations in a group setting
post traumatic stress disorder
the emotional disorder tht follows a trauma.
PTSD flashback
when victims re=experience the even through memories and nightmares. May occur very suddenly and the victims find themselves reliving the event.
PTSD can occur from __ or __ exposure
direct or vicarious
Exposure to a Traumatic Event: A person with PTSD must have been exposed to some event during which he or she feels ___, ___ ,or ___.
A person with PTSD must have been exposed to some event during which he or she feels fear, helplessness, or horror.
Example of an intrusive symptom of PTSD
Continue to re-experience the event through memories, re-enactments, nightmares, or flashbacks
Duration of symptoms must be greater than 1 month for someone to be diagnosed with PTSD. What if the symptoms lasted for less than 1 month?
less than one month is often diagnosed with Acute Stress Disorder.
4 broad categories of symptoms for clinical description of PTSD.
INTRUSIVE symptoms: Continue to re-experience the event through memories, re-enactments, nightmares, or flashbacks
DISSOCIATIVE symptoms:altered sense of reality
AVOIDANCE symptoms: Cues that remind the person of the event are AVOIDED and emotional responsiveness is numbed
AROUSAL symptoms: Chronically overaroused, sleep disturbed, easily startled, hypervigilant, and/or quick to anger
- Research suggests approximately ___ of sex workers would meet criteria for PTSD
- Research suggests approximately 70% of sex workers would meet criteria for PTSD
___, ___ ___ workers and __ workers are commonly associated with PTSD
veterans, first response workers and sex workers are commonly associated with PTSD
delayed onset PTSD
individuals show few if any symptoms immediately or for months after a trauma, but at least 6 months later, and perhaps years afterwards develop full-blown PTSD
