Chapter 1: Abnormal Behavior in a Historical Context

Question 1

Psychological Disorder

Answer 1

a psychological DYSFUNCTION within an individual associated with DISTRESS or IMPAIRMENT in functioning and a response that is not typically or culturally expected.

Question 2

a psychological disorder is aka ___ ____

Answer 2

abnormal behavior.

Question 3

we classify psychological disorders by ____ and ____ Manual

Answer 3

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5

Question 4

phobia

Answer 4

a psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation.

Question 5

Psychological Dysfunctioning

Answer 5

a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioural functioning.

therefore, a psychological disorder is the breakdown in cognitive, emotional or behavioral functioning that is associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.

Question 6

personal distress or impairment

Answer 6

difficulty performing appropriate and expected roles. Impairment is set in the context of a person’s background.

Question 7

problems are often considered to exitst on a ____ or as a dimension

Answer 7

on a CONTINUUM. it is difficult to draw the line between normal and abnormal dysfunction.

Its okay to shy, but if you are impaired and don’t even go to your job because you are so shy, then that is a disorder.

Question 8

atypical

Answer 8

not culturally expected: reaction is outside cultural norms. The greater the deviation, the more abnormal it is.

• another view is that your behavior is abnormal if you are violating social norms.

Question 9

prototype of a disorder

Answer 9

a typical profile of the disorder. Often used as the comparison

Question 10

The Science of Psychopathology

Psychopathology

Answer 10

the scientific study of psychological disorders.

Question 11

in Canada, the regulation of the psychology profesion is under the jurisdiction of:

Answer 11

the provinces and territories

Question 12

psychologist vs pschotherapist

Answer 12

psychologist: has taken board exams and conveys a larger knowledge base
psychotherapist: an unregulated term that anyone can call themselves. But they stil have merit if they are properly trained

Question 13

clinical vs counselling psychologists

Answer 13

clinical psychologists tend to concentrate on mores severe psychological disorders

counselling psycologists tend to treat adjustment and vocational issues encountered by relatively health individuals.

Question 14

scientist practioners

Answer 14

mental health practioners who apply a scientific approach to their clinical work.

Question 15

3 ways that a mental health practioner can function as a scientist-practionioner

Answer 15

1) consumer of science. they keep up with the latest scientific developments in their field and try to use the best supported diagnostic an treatment procedures. Creates an EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE
2) Evaluator the practice. They often evaluate their own assessments or treatment procedures to see whether they work.
3) creator of science. conducting new research that leads to new procedures useful in practice.

Question 16

presentingproblem

Answer 16

the reason why people came into the clinic

Question 17

clinical description. What things should you note?

Answer 17

description of the presenting problem. the combination of behaviours, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder.

in addition to describing symptoms, its good to note the prevalence and incidence, onset of disorder (acute vs insidious), and course of the disorder (chronic or episodic)

Question 18

lifetime prevalence

Answer 18

how many people in the population have ever had the disorder

Question 19

most disorders follow a somewhat individual patter, or ___

Answer 19

course. ex/ schizophrenia follows a chronic course– they tend to last a long time, sometimes a whole lifetime. Other disorders ,like mood disorders, follow an episodic course in which the individual is likely to recover within a few months, or only have a few reoccurrences.

Question 20

a time limited course disorder

Answer 20

a disorder that will improve WITHOUT TREATMENT in a relatively short period with little or no risk of reoccurence.

Question 21

insidious onset

Answer 21

a disorder that gradually develops over an extended time.

Question 22

prognosis

Answer 22

anticipated course of a disorder.

ex/ good prognosis = individual will probably recover

Question 23

etiology

Answer 23

study of the origins/causes of a disorder, and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions.

Question 24

3 major categories that compose the study and discussion of psychological disorders

Answer 24

1) clinical descripition
2) causation/etiology
3) treatment and outcome.

Question 25

3 primary historical models of abnormal behavior

Answer 25

1) supernatural model
2) biological model
3) psychological model.

Question 26

according to the supernatural tradition, deviant behavior was due to

Answer 26

a battle between good and evil. when confronted with unexplained behavior and by suffering and upheaval, people perceived evil.

Question 27

in the 14th and 15th century, it was believed that madness was caused by:

Answer 27

witches and sorcery. Unexplained behavior was attributed to evil.

Question 28

in the 14th and 15th century, there was still some enlighted views. According to more progressive thinking, insantiy is a ___ ____ cased by mental or emotioanl stress. What was its treatment?

Answer 28

in the 14th and 15th century, there was still some enlighted views. According to more progressive thinking, insantiy is a NATURAL PHENOMENON cased by mental or emotioanl stress.

TREATMENT was living in a happy and healthy environment, rest and sleep.

people with illnesses were often cared by neighbors and people believed that individuals who have psychological disturbances are better off in their own community.

Question 29

supernaturally speaking, possession was considered to be a divine punishment for abhorrent behavior. What were some methods of treatments?

Answer 29

hanging person over snake pits, cold water ice baths etc and hoping they come to their senses.

In the middle ages, exorcisms were typical.

Question 30

how were the moon and stars implicated in a person’s functioning?

Answer 30

people thought that the moon and stars affected psychological functioning – lunatic.

there is no scientific evidence.

Question 31

Contributions of Hippocrates

Answer 31

• suggested that psychological sdisorders could be treated liek any other disease
• believed that psychological disorders might also be caused by brain pathology or head trauma and could be influenced by heredity.
• conceptualized abnormal behavior as a physical disease. Ex/ hysteria = the wandering uterus.

Question 32

humoral theory of disorders

Answer 32

hippocrates assumed that normal brain functioning was related to four bodily humors ( blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phelgm.

• first example of associating psychological disorders with chemical imbalance.

Question 33

according to the humoral theory of disorders, melancholy was:
phlegmatic personality was:
choleric person was:

Answer 33

melancholy was: refers to a depressive personality caused by BLACK BILE

phlegmatic personality was: indicates apathy due to PHLEGM

choleric person was: hot tempered person because of YELLOW BILE.

Question 34

blood letting was a treatment to restore:

Answer 34

the humors of the body. If you have excess blood, you had to remove some to restore the balance.

Question 35

2 factors that reinvigorated the biological model of abnormal behavior in the 19th century

Answer 35

1) syphilis

2) strong supposed from well respected psychiatrists (john P Grey)

Question 36

how did syphilis contribute to reinvigorating the biological tradition

Answer 36

• people went crazy after contracting syphilis (neurosyphilis).
• they had delusions of persecution and grandeur`
• after Germ Theory, it was seen that a bacteria caused syphilis
• people realized you could treat syphilis by contracting blood borne malaria. the fever would kill the bacteria in the body.
• the malaria cure convinced many that for the first time, madness and associated behavioral and cognitive symptoms could be traced directly to a curable infection.

Question 37

how did John P Grey contribute to biological model of abnormal behavior

Answer 37

• believed that mental insanity always has physical causes. therefore, the mentally ill pt should be treated as if they were physcially ill.
• he created large hospitals that became more humane and livable. But becasue they became nicer places to live, they became so large and impersonal that treatment conditions started to wane, and those scary asylums is now what we remember them to be.

Question 38

Who was Emil Kraepelin

Answer 38

one of the founders of modern psychiatry. One of the first to distinguish and begin to classify differeny psychological disorders in the early 19th century.

the the end of the 19th century, scientific approach to psychological disorders and their classification had begun to search for biological causes. Treatment began to be based on more humane causes.

Question 39

psychosocial appraoches

Answer 39

approaches to abnormal behavior that focuses not only on psychological factors, but also on social and cultural factors.

Question 40

in the first half of the 18th centruy, what was moral therapy?

Answer 40

the practice of allowing institutionalized patients to be
treated as normally as possible and to encourage and reinforce social interaction.

• encouraged humane, socially facilitative atmosphere for patients. Moral therapy made institutions more livable and therapeutic
• Benjamin rush was the father of north american psychiatry, and introduced moral therapy more widely.

Question 41

2 factors that led to the decline of moral therapy

Answer 41

1) institutions grew too large. Moral therapy tended to work in institutions that were 200 and fewer, but now they were increasing to 1000, 2000 etc.
2) Dorthea Dix. Advocated for mental hygiene movement because the institutions were yet again becoming deplorable (despite their well-meaning origins). She advocated for new asylums, which were built, butt then there was a substantial increase in the number of mental patients. There was a rapid transition from moral therapy to custodial care because the asylums were inadequately understaffed.

Question 42

psychoanalytic theory

Answer 42

elaborate theory of the structure of the mind and the role of unconcious processes in determining behavior.

Question 43

catharsis

Answer 43

reliving emotional trauma that has been made unconcious and releasing the accompanying tension

Question 44

3 major facets of the psychoanlaytic theory

Answer 44

1) the structure of the mind
2) defense mechanisms
3) the stages of early psychosexual development

Question 45

3 major parts of the unconscious mind

Answer 45

Id: Pleasure principle: wants to maximize pleasure and eliminate any associated tension or conflicts, illogical, emotional, irrational. Strong sexual and aggressive energies.

Ego: reality principle: finds a way to meet basic needs without offending everyone around us. Characterized by logic and reason. Secondary process to Id

Superego: moral principles: instilled in us by our parents and culture.Part of our conscience.

Question 46

the ____ portion of the mind houses our conscience

Answer 46

superego

Question 47

the role of the ego is to mediate:

Answer 47

conflict between the id and the superego

Question 48

according to intrapsychic conflict theory:

Answer 48

if the ego is unsuccessful at keeping the superego and the id in check, and the id or the superego becomes too strong, conflict will overtake us and psychological disorders may develop.

Question 49

defense mechanisms

Answer 49

unconscious protective processes that keep primitive emotions associated with the conflicts between the id and superego in check so that the ego can continue its coordinating function.

Question 50

displacement defense mechanism

Answer 50

transfers a feeling about or a response to an object that causes discomfort onto another, usually less threatning object or person (ex/ kicking a dog when actually angry with a friend).

Question 51

denial defence mechanism

Answer 51

refusal to acknoledge som aspect of objective reality or subjective experience that is apparent to others.

Question 52

projection defence mechanism

Answer 52

falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings to another individual or object

Question 53

Rationalization defence mechanism

Answer 53

conceals the true motivations for actions through elaborate reassuring or self seving but incorrect explanations

ex/ after not getting into a certain graduate school, an aspiring graduate student decides that school was not really where she wanted to study afterall.

Question 54

reaction formation defence mechanism

Answer 54

substitutes behavior, thoughts or feelings that are the direct opposute of unacceptable ones (ex/ a man with sexual feelings towards childrens crusades against child pornography)

Question 55

repression defence mechanism

Answer 55

blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from conscious awareness

Question 56

sublimation defence mechanism

Answer 56

directs potentially maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially acceptable behavior.

Question 57

reduction of ___ defence mechanisms, and strengthening of ___ mechanisms such as humor and sublimation correlates with psychological health.

Answer 57

reduction of UNADAPTIVE defence mechanisms, and strengthening of ADAPTIVE mechanisms such as humor and sublimation correlates with psychological health.

Question 58

freudian neuroses

Answer 58

nonpsychotic psychological disorders that result from

1) underlying unconcious conflicts
2) the anxiety that results from those conflicts
3) the implementation of ego defence mechanisms.

Question 59

Anna and ego psychology

Answer 59

the ego is involved in defining behavior. the individual slowly accumulates adaptational capacities, skill in reality testing, and defences. Abnormal behavior develops when the ego is deficient in regulating such functison as delaying and controlling impulses, or in marshalling appropriate normal defences to strong internal conflicts.

Question 60

free association

Answer 60

psychoanayltic psychotherpay in which patients are instructed to say whatever comes to mind without the usual socially mandated censoring

Question 61

dream analysis

Answer 61

a psychoanalytic psychotherapy in which the contents of dreams, supposedly reflecting the primary process thinking of the id, is systematically related to symbolic aspects of unconcious conflicts.

Question 62

in psychoanalytic psychotherapies, the therapist ____ the results of free association and dream analyses

Answer 62

INTERPRETS the results and relates them to various unconscious conflicts. This is difficult because sometimes the patient argues or denies the interpretation.

Question 63

transference

Answer 63

when a pt comes to relate to the therapist very much as they did towards important figures in their childhood.

Question 64

countertransference

Answer 64

when therapists project their own personal issues and feelings, often positive, onto the patient.

Question 65

psychodynamic psychotherapy

Answer 65

still emphasizes conflicts and unconscience processes, but they use a mixture of tactics with a social and interpersonal focus.

• shorter than typical psychoanalysis.
• focuses on relieving the suffering associated with psychological disorders rather than trying to reconstruct a personality.

Question 66

therapeutic alliance

Answer 66

the relationship of the therapist and the patient.

Question 67

Klein and Kernbergs object relations theory

Answer 67

emphasized how children incorporate objects. an infants drives are projected to an object

Question 68

according to the humanistic theory, people are basically good and they strive towards ____ ___

Answer 68

self actualization: highest potential.

Question 69

Carl Rogers developed:

Answer 69

person centered therapy: therapist takes a passive role and makes as FEW INTERPRETATIONS as possiblle. the point is to give the individual a chance to develop during the course of therapy, unfettered by threats to the self.

used UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD: unqualified acceptance of most of the clients feelings and actions with lots of empathy.

the goal is to foster growth.

Question 70

gestalt therapy

Answer 70

developed by Fritz Perls that focuses on ppls positive and creative potentials. it helps clients develop an awareness of their desires and needs, understanding how they might be blocking themselves from reaching their potentials

• encourages them to own up to their emotions and behavior.

Question 71

introspection

Answer 71

an early method psychologists used which required subjects to report on their inner thoughts and feelings after experiencing certain stimuli.

Question 72

Watson thought introspection was not objective enough, and he wanted psychology to be a legitamate science. What did he coin?

Answer 72

Behaviorism. Believed psychologists should only focus on overt and observable behavior. Did the little Albert Experiment

Question 73

jones was the first to discover systematic desensitization:

Answer 73

basically exposure therapy. individuals were gradually introduced to the objects or situations they feared so their fear could extinguish.

Question 74

thorndikes Law of Effect

Answer 74

behavior is either strengthened or weakened depending on the consequences of that behavior.

Question 75

____ coined the term Operant Conditioning

Answer 75

Skinner.

• believed that punishment didn’t work as well as reward. He believed that the primary way to develop new behaviour is to positively reinforce the desired behaviour.

Question 76

shaping

Answer 76

process of reinforcing successive approximations to a final behavior.

ex/ giving a reward when a rat gets near a button, and then when he realizes this task, give the reward when he actually touches the button.

Question 77

problems with behaviourism

Answer 77

1) fails to account for biology: believes that all behaviors were due to environment
2) there are different types of learning, like social learning.

Question 78

psychopathology is ___ ___: there are reciprocal relations between biological, psychological, social and experimental factors

Answer 78

multiply determined.

Question 79

in the 21st century, there was an explosion of knowledge about psychopathology. there is more info about the brain and its functioning made possible through fields of:

Answer 79

1) cognitive science

2) neuroscience.

Question 80

T/F: the supernatural tradition has no place in a science of abnormal behavior.

Answer 80

true