Chapter 11: Substance Related, Addictive, and Impulse-Control Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

impulse control disorders

A

represent a number of related problems that involve the inability to resist acting on a drive or temptation.
- ex/ those who cannot resist aggressive impulses or the impulse to steal or to set fires.

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2
Q

polysubstance use

A

the abuse of multiple substances at once.

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3
Q

psychoactive substacnes

A

chemicals that alter mood, behaviour or both.

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4
Q

substnace use

A

the ingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that do not significantly interfere with social, educational, or occupational functioning

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5
Q

substance intoxication

A

the drunkenness or high that is associated with the phsiological reaction to a psychoactive substances.

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6
Q

substance use dirsorder

A

how much of a substance is ingested is problematic.

the amount of substance differs perperson. for “lightweights,” if they take two glasses of wine and get sloshed every night, this is still a substance use disorder despite consuming less alcohol than others.

-if substances disrupt your education, job or relationships with others, and put you in physically dangerous situations, you would be considered to have a disorder.

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7
Q

synthetic substances:

A

produced by chemically changing the initial substancs to create a substance with new chemical properties (MDMA, LSD)

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8
Q

Natural substance

A

a chemical as it occurs in nature (ex/ THC, psilocybin etc)

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9
Q

two aspects of physiological dependence

A
  • tolerance: using increasingly greater amounts of the drug to experience the same effect
  • withdrawal: experiencing a negative physical response when the substance is no longer ingested.
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10
Q

psychological dependence

A

behavioural reactions to substance dependence.
drug seeking behaviours that could be detrimental also constitute psychological dependence

ex/ standing in the freezing cold to smoke

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11
Q

6 general categories of substances

A

1) depressants
2) stimulants
3) opiates
4) hallucinogens
5) other drugs of abuse: ex steroids, airplane glue, nitrous oxide.
6) gambling disorder: as with the ingestion of the substances, individuals with gambling disorder are unable to resist the urge to gamble.

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12
Q

Depressants primarily decrease ____ ___ system

A

decrease the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM activity, reduces arousal, and helps people relax.

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13
Q

Depressants primarily decrease ____ ___ system

A

decrease the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM activity, reduces arousal, and helps people relax.

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14
Q

drugs included in the depressant groups

A

alcohol, sedatives, hyponotics and anxiolytic drugs. as well as those prescribed for insomnia.

  • these substances are most likely to produce symptoms of tolerance and withdrawal.
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15
Q

clinical description of depressants

A

at first, it inhibits the inhibitory centers in the brain, so you first feel outgoing and friendly, however, as more is consumed, more areas of the CNS are depressed, resulting in impaired motor coordinations, slower reaction times, confused and poor judgments etc.

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16
Q

in alcohol related disorders, which neurotransmitter is primarily involved

A

alcohol influences several neuro-receptors systems, but GABA is the predominant one. It is an inhibitory neurotransmitter and can promote black outs (antagonist of excitatory glutamate).

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17
Q

when a GABA receptor is activated, what ion is invovled?

A

chloride moves into the cell, resulting in hyperpolarization (the inside of the cell becomes more negative).

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18
Q

the ___ system appears to be sensitive to alcohol, affecting mood, sleep and eating behaiviour

A

serotonin system

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19
Q

alcohol also exerts effecrs on the ___ system, and these effects may be responsibly for the pleasurable feelings people experience when drinking

A

dopamine reward system.

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20
Q

in terms of neurotransmission systems, how does alcohol exert pain-numbing effects?

A

alcohol also results in the release of endogenous opioids.

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21
Q

severe withdrawal effect from alcohol abstinence involving frightening hallucinations and body tremors

A

delirium tremens.

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22
Q

two types of organic brain syndromes may result from long-term heavy alcohol use

A

1) dementia
2) wenicke-korsakoff syndome: unintelligible speech/ word salad. no problem with speech production, but the words they use make no sense.

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23
Q

korsakoff syndrom is associated with what type of deficiency

A

thiamine deficiency. It is poorly metabolized because of alcohol malfunction in alcoholics.

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24
Q

which north american demographic drinks te most

A

single males are most likely to be havy drinkers

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25
Q

Explain the progression of alcohl related depedence

A

there is a flucturation between heavy drinking and abstinence. people with severe alcohol dependence have a spontaneous remission and do not re-experience problems with drinking. others may progressively stop and then binge and subsequently get worse. it all depends.

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26
Q

alcohol related disorders are linked with __ behaviours

A

violent behaviours

  • alochol does not cause aggression, but it may reduce the fear associated with being punished, and it may impair the ability to consider the consequences of acting impulsively.
27
Q

in terms of progression, what can predict dependence in later years

A

early consumption can predict dependence in later years.

28
Q

individuals who tend NOT to develop the slurred speech, straggering, and other sedative effects of alcohol use are more likely to:

A

to abuse it in the future.

29
Q

Hypnotic drug is a:

A

sleep-inducing drug.

30
Q

barbiturates relax:

A

muscles. they produce mild feelings of well being, but they are often abused. Heavy depressant.

all sedative/hypnotics have problems involving tolerance and dependence with repeated use.

31
Q

which demographics use more sedative, hypnotics and anxiolytics?

A

women, seniors and smokers.

32
Q

stimulants include:

A

caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines and cocaine.

33
Q

uppers tend to peak, and then lead to a ___ and crash

A

down and crash.

34
Q

amphetamines tend to stimulate the central nervous system through the enhancement of activtiy of the ___ and___ systems

A

NE and DA systems.

Help release these NTs and also block uptake, making more of them available throughout the system. TOo much amphetamine and therefore too much DA and NE can lead to hallucinations and delusions.

35
Q

crystal meth psychosis

A

psychosis is an abnormal mental condition in which an individual has difficulty determining what is real and what is not. Users of CM frequently experience some psychosis, especially if they are prone to psychosis already

hallucination: false perception in the absence of actual sensory stimuli.
delusion: false belief, often of persecuation or grandeur.

36
Q

two aspects of CM psychosis

A

hallucinations and delusions

37
Q

to be diagnosed with a dependence disorder, the symptoms of dependence and use must occur for at least __ months

A

12 months.

38
Q

what clinical disorder is often amphetamine prescribed?

A

narcolepsy. Also ADHD/ritalin are amphetamine classes.

39
Q

example of an amphetamine designer drug

A

MDMA. used as an appetit supressant, but its recreational use is now called ecstasy.

40
Q

which stimulant is derived from plant leaves

A

cocaine is derived from the leaves of the cocoa plant. Increases alertness, blood pressure and causes insomnia.

  • the use has decreased in Canada, but it still definitely is around.
41
Q

effects of cocaine on a fetus

A

they found subtle deficits in auditory info processing in the cocaine-exposed infants, often leading to associated language deficits later in development.

42
Q

what is the mechanism of effect of cocaine

A

they block the reuptake of dopamine, therefore, the primary effects of cocaine is from the dopamine system.

43
Q

how does nicotine exert effects and stimulate pleasure pathways?

A

nicotine appears to stimulate specific receptors (nicotinic acetylcholine receptors) in the MIDBRAIN RETICULAR FORMATION and the LIMBIC SYSTEM.

44
Q

why does smoking often lead to increased alcohol consumption

A

because nicotine enhances alcohol repsonding. Smoking may make drinking alcohol more rewarding in terms of effects on the DA reward system.

45
Q

there is a ___-directional relationship betwene cigarette smoking and negative affect/depression.

A

bi-directional.

being depressed increases your risk of becoming dependent on nicotine, and at the same time, being dependent on nicotine will increase your risk of becoming depressed.

46
Q

how does caffeine exert wakefulness effects

A

it involves the neuromodulator adenosine, which usually makes you sleepy. by blocking adenosine receptors, you do not feel as sleepy. adenosine also plays a role in glutamate in the striatum, which may explain the elation and increased energy that come with caffeine use.

there is some furhter evidence that DA might be involved.

47
Q

three natural opioid substances produced by the brain

A

enkephalins, beta endorphins, and dynorphins.

48
Q

substances included in the opioid groups

A

heroin, opium, codeine and morphine.

opioids are both sleep-inducing and pain-relieving.

49
Q

persistent opioid use may be related to comorbid:

A

mental disorders and sexual or physical abuse.

50
Q

chronic heavy users of cannabis might ecperience __ ___ with repeated use: ie, experienced users may get more pleasure

A

reverse tolerance.

51
Q

reactions to cannabis usually involve ___ ___

A

mood siwngs. people may think everything is funny and that time is standing still, but then paranoia can set in and they may then get dizzy

52
Q

THC mimics which brain-derived cannabinoid

A

ananamide

53
Q

hallucinogen derived from the ergot fungus

A

LSD

54
Q

hallucinogen derived from mushroom

A

psilocybin

55
Q

hallucinogen derived from morning glory plant

A

lysergic acid amide

56
Q

hallucinogen derived from virola tree

A

dimethyltryptamine

57
Q

hallucinogen derived from peyote cactus plant?

A

mescaline

58
Q

PCP

A

a hallucinogen that stands for phencyclidine.

59
Q

T/F: tolerance is quickly built for hallucinogens

A

true. if taken repeatedly over several days, these drugs completely lose their effectiveness. Sensitivity returns after a week of abstinence though.

60
Q

plesurable and negative effects of psilocybin

A

pleasurable: euphoria, sensory experiences
negatives: risk of panic, low risk of psychotic episodes.

61
Q

possible therapeutic uses for mushrooms

A

PTSD, depression, substance use problems.

62
Q

LSD and mushrooms are mimickers of

A

serotonin

63
Q

mescaline is a mimicker of

A

NE.

64
Q

Inhalants

A

a class of drug called “other drugs of abuse.” does not fit neatly into the previous categories. Includes several substances found in volatile substances like spray paint, pain thinner and amyl nitrate.