Chapter 11: Substance Related, Addictive, and Impulse-Control Disorders Flashcards
impulse control disorders
represent a number of related problems that involve the inability to resist acting on a drive or temptation.
- ex/ those who cannot resist aggressive impulses or the impulse to steal or to set fires.
polysubstance use
the abuse of multiple substances at once.
psychoactive substacnes
chemicals that alter mood, behaviour or both.
substnace use
the ingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that do not significantly interfere with social, educational, or occupational functioning
substance intoxication
the drunkenness or high that is associated with the phsiological reaction to a psychoactive substances.
substance use dirsorder
how much of a substance is ingested is problematic.
the amount of substance differs perperson. for “lightweights,” if they take two glasses of wine and get sloshed every night, this is still a substance use disorder despite consuming less alcohol than others.
-if substances disrupt your education, job or relationships with others, and put you in physically dangerous situations, you would be considered to have a disorder.
synthetic substances:
produced by chemically changing the initial substancs to create a substance with new chemical properties (MDMA, LSD)
Natural substance
a chemical as it occurs in nature (ex/ THC, psilocybin etc)
two aspects of physiological dependence
- tolerance: using increasingly greater amounts of the drug to experience the same effect
- withdrawal: experiencing a negative physical response when the substance is no longer ingested.
psychological dependence
behavioural reactions to substance dependence.
drug seeking behaviours that could be detrimental also constitute psychological dependence
ex/ standing in the freezing cold to smoke
6 general categories of substances
1) depressants
2) stimulants
3) opiates
4) hallucinogens
5) other drugs of abuse: ex steroids, airplane glue, nitrous oxide.
6) gambling disorder: as with the ingestion of the substances, individuals with gambling disorder are unable to resist the urge to gamble.
Depressants primarily decrease ____ ___ system
decrease the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM activity, reduces arousal, and helps people relax.
Depressants primarily decrease ____ ___ system
decrease the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM activity, reduces arousal, and helps people relax.
drugs included in the depressant groups
alcohol, sedatives, hyponotics and anxiolytic drugs. as well as those prescribed for insomnia.
- these substances are most likely to produce symptoms of tolerance and withdrawal.
clinical description of depressants
at first, it inhibits the inhibitory centers in the brain, so you first feel outgoing and friendly, however, as more is consumed, more areas of the CNS are depressed, resulting in impaired motor coordinations, slower reaction times, confused and poor judgments etc.
in alcohol related disorders, which neurotransmitter is primarily involved
alcohol influences several neuro-receptors systems, but GABA is the predominant one. It is an inhibitory neurotransmitter and can promote black outs (antagonist of excitatory glutamate).
when a GABA receptor is activated, what ion is invovled?
chloride moves into the cell, resulting in hyperpolarization (the inside of the cell becomes more negative).
the ___ system appears to be sensitive to alcohol, affecting mood, sleep and eating behaiviour
serotonin system
alcohol also exerts effecrs on the ___ system, and these effects may be responsibly for the pleasurable feelings people experience when drinking
dopamine reward system.
in terms of neurotransmission systems, how does alcohol exert pain-numbing effects?
alcohol also results in the release of endogenous opioids.
severe withdrawal effect from alcohol abstinence involving frightening hallucinations and body tremors
delirium tremens.
two types of organic brain syndromes may result from long-term heavy alcohol use
1) dementia
2) wenicke-korsakoff syndome: unintelligible speech/ word salad. no problem with speech production, but the words they use make no sense.
korsakoff syndrom is associated with what type of deficiency
thiamine deficiency. It is poorly metabolized because of alcohol malfunction in alcoholics.
which north american demographic drinks te most
single males are most likely to be havy drinkers
Explain the progression of alcohl related depedence
there is a flucturation between heavy drinking and abstinence. people with severe alcohol dependence have a spontaneous remission and do not re-experience problems with drinking. others may progressively stop and then binge and subsequently get worse. it all depends.