Chapter 15 Part 3: Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder and Others

Question 1

Vascular neurocognitive disorder may be onset due to :

Answer 1

stroke

Question 2

differences between how vascular ND and alzheimer’s may manifest

Answer 2

vascular ND manifests first in cognitive disturbances such as problems in speed of information processing, whereas alzheimer’s are first seen to manifest as memory problems.

Question 3

gender differences in vascular neurocognitive disorder compared to alzheimers

Answer 3

males are more affected by vascular neurocognitive disorder compared to alzheimers, in which women are more affected.

Question 4

CTE

Answer 4

chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Caused by repetitive head trauma that can provoke distinctive neurodegeneration.

Question 5

frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder is an overarching term used to categorize a variety of brain disorders that damage:

Answer 5

the frontal or temporal regions of the brain– areas that affect personality, language, and behaviour.

Question 6

two variants of frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder

Answer 6

1) declines in appropriate behaviour (ex/ socially inappropriate actions
2) declines in language (ex/ problems with speech) Ex/ Picks Disease– has a genetic component that kind of produces symptoms similar to alzheimer’s disease but with early onset.

Question 7

what is neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury, and who are most affected?

Answer 7

an ND which includes symptoms that persist for at least a week following trauma, including executive dysfunction, learning and memory problems

those at greatest risks are teens and young adults that are accompanied by alcohol use or low SES.

Question 8

Neurocognitive disorder due to Lew body disease

Answer 8

lewy bodies are deposits of proteins that damage brain cells over time. Results in impairmnet in alertness and attention, vivid visual hallucinations, and motor impairment. Extrapyramidal symptoms kind of like Parkinson’s are also seen.

Question 9

people with parkinson’s tend to have stooped posture nad slow body movements, called _____

Answer 9

bradykinesia. They may also have tremors and jerkiness in walking.

Question 10

which neurotransmitter is implicated in parkinson’s disease

Answer 10

DA. DA is involved in complex movement, and a reduction in this NT results in an increasing inability to control their muscle movements, leading to tremors and muscle weakness.

Question 11

which protein bodies are associated with parkinson’s diseas

Answer 11

lewy bodies. this is the overlapping aspect of lewbody ND and Parkinson’s.

Question 12

difference between how HIV affects the brain and how Alzheimer’s affects the brain

Answer 12

HIV and Alzheimer’s affects different areas of the brain, resulting in neurocognitvie disorders manifesting in different ways.

Alzheimer’s affects the cortex, resulting in upper level functions being compromised, like reading, writing, organization, etc.

HIV is known as subcortical dementia, affecting areas below the cortex. This results in depression, anxiety etc manifesting as a Neurocognitive disorder.

Question 13

Huntington’s usually manifests as ____, involuntary limb movements

Answer 13

Chorea. Not all individuals with huntington’s develop neurocognitive disorders.

Question 14

which chromosome is implicated in huntingtons

Answer 14

there is a deficit to an area on chromosome 4. It is a single gene.

Question 15

prion

Answer 15

proteins that can reproduce themselves and cause damage to brain cells leading to neurocognitiive decline

Question 16

why are prion diseases deadly?

Answer 16

there is no known treatment for prion disease. These proteins cannot be degraded by chemicals degrading their DNA because they are replicating without any DNA at all. This disorder is always fatal.

Question 17

Like other neurocognitive disorders, the substance/medication induced neurocognitive disorders manifest as memory impairment and at least one of these other cognitive disturbances:

Answer 17

1) aphasia
2) apraxia
3) agnosia.