Chapter 14: Neurodevelopmental Disorders Flashcards
- Developmental psychopathology:
Developmental psychopathology: study of how disorders arise and change with time.
Neurodevelopmental disorders include:
intellectual disabilities, language disorders, childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering), social (pragmatic) communication disorder, autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, Specific learning disorders (impairment in reading, written expression, mathematics etc), developmental coordination disorders, tic disorders
characterization of intellectual disability
Characterized by intellectual functioning significantly below average (usually two standard deviations below the mean, but it isn’t concrete)
T/F people with an intellectual disability manifest these deficits during adulthood
false. the deficits are evident below the age of 18
for intellectual diabilities, specifiers are placed based on:
Various specifiers are defined on the basis of adaptive functioning, and NOT IQ SCORES, because it is adaptive functioning that determines the level of supports required.
problem with diagnosis procedure for ID (intellectual disability) - ID’s are chronic: people do not ‘recover’ from ID
o Slightly higher in males. Twice as many males are diagnosed as females among those with mild severity categorization.
- Problem for diagnosis; some people may be determined in childhood to meet the criteria for ID, but this may be due to other conditions masking their competence (autism, language disorder).
mild ID is usually detected during:
o Typically not identified until early elementary years. Overrepresentation of minority group members. Develop social and communication skills. Usually live successfully in the community as adults with appropriate supports
moderate ID is usually detected during
o Usually identified during preschool years
o Applies to many people with down syndrome
o Benefit from vocational training
o Generally can perform supervised unskilled or semiskilled work in adulthood.
severe ID is usually detected during
o Often associated with organic causes.
o Usually identified at a very young age.
o Delays in developmental milestones and visible physical features are seen. May have mobility or other health problems.
o Need special assistance throughout their lives. Live in group homes or with their families
profound ID is usually seen:
o Identified in infancy due to marked delays in development and biological/medical anomalies
o Learn only the rudimentary communication skills
o Require intensive training for eating, grooming, toileting and dressing behaviours.
o Often has co-occurring medical issues
o Require life long care and assistance.
borderline intellectual functioning
a category that a person may fall in when they are experiencing delays in cognitive functioning RELATIVE to the normal population but may not reach the criteria to be diagnosed with an intellectual disability.
three criterion for ID
1) age of onset
2) subaverage IQ
3) concurrent deficits or impairments in adaptive functioning (intermittent, limited, extensive or pervasive)
T/F: people can recover from ID
false
which societal group is most likely to have ID
ID is more prevalent among individuals of lower SES and from minority groups, especially for mild severity.
___ and ___ causes are known for almost two-thirds of individuals with moderate to profound ID
GENETIC and ENVIRONMENTAL causes are known for almost two-thirds of individuals with moderate to profound ID
Describe the genetic contributsion to ID
there are multiple genes that contribute to ID. Exposure to prenatal teratogens ex/ FASD due to alcohol
two single-chromosome disorders
1) down syndrome
2) fragile X syndrome (ID with chromosomal cause)
example of a dominant gene ID disorder
tuberous sclerosis
example of receissive gene ID disorder
phenylketonuria (inability to digest phenylalanine and tyrosine, resulting in a bunch of anomalies, including mental deficits
example of X-linked ID
Lesch-Nyahn syndrome, an ID with cerebral palsy-like symptoms too.
cultural/social contributors of ID
abuse, neglect, social deprivation
Problematic way of managing ID used in the 60s
Applied behaviour analysis:
Application of primarily operant conditioning principles and procedures (e.g., positive reinforcement, punishment, operant extinction, shaping
people with IDs benefit from skills training (or task analysis), which is:
task analysis to break down complex skills into component parts for teaching.
What kind of challenging behaviours are seen in people wiht ID?
self-injury, aggression, pica. Requires behavioural intervention.
Additional supports are helpful for people with ID in order to:
gain as much independence as possible. Supported employment is also beneficial.
augmentative communication strategies for people with ID
a method of communication training for people with ID, that uses picture books to teach the person to make a equest by pointing to a picture.
- now people are using tablets and computers.
there’s not many preventative strategies to neurodevelopmental disorders. what’s the one thing out there?
if children are determined to come from environments that might make them delayed (ex/ abuse, neglect, bad environment), early interventions combining education, medical, and social supports can assist children and their families where the child is at risk for developing cultural/familial ID. Ex/ intensive preschool programs, nutritional support
Theres also GENETIC SCREENING being made (there’s one for down syndrome)
specific learning disorders
cover problems related to academic performance in reading, mathematics, and writing that is substantially below what would be expected given the person’s age, IQ, and education.
specific learning disorders is aka
learning disabilities.
dyslexia and dyscalculia
dyslexia= deficits in reading dyscalculia = deficits in math
T/F: boys are more likely to have dyslexia
false. boys and girls are equally affected
learning disorders are comorbid with
substance use
which learning disorder is most common
difficulties with reading
genetic contributors to specific learning disorder
found in identical twins and relatives.
neurobiological contributors to specific learning disorders
subtle brain differences (ex/ weaker and delayed neural responses during reading of sentences found among dyslexic readers compared to controls)
environmental contributors to learning disorders
SES, cultural expectations, parental interactions and expectations, child management practices, support (lack of) provided in school
supports for specific learning disorder
Appropriate supports and accommodations in postsecondary education and employment are often critical to optimal success for adults:
Tutors
–Note-taking assistance
–Tape-recorded lectures
–Extra time or lack of time limits on tests
- Recognition that different people have different strengths and challenges and need different environments to thrive!
- Combination of programs effective
_____ was a movement involving applications of genetics knowledge at the time, for which the goal was to improve the human race through better breeding. Eugenics advocates argued for the prevention of ID through sexual sterilization of individuals with ID.
Eugenics
for specific learning disorders: educational efforts can be broadly categorized into three categoies:
1) efforts to remediate directly the underlying basic processing of problems
2) efforts to improve cognitive skills through general instruction in listening, comprehension, and memory
3) targeting the behavioural skills needed to compensate for specific problems the student may have with reading or math.
The neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of conditions with onset in the _____ period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functionin
The neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairmentsof personal, social, academic, or occupational functionin
