Chapter 14: Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Question 1

• Developmental psychopathology:

Answer 1

Developmental psychopathology: study of how disorders arise and change with time.

Question 2

Neurodevelopmental disorders include:

Answer 2

intellectual disabilities, language disorders, childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering), social (pragmatic) communication disorder, autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, Specific learning disorders (impairment in reading, written expression, mathematics etc), developmental coordination disorders, tic disorders

Question 3

characterization of intellectual disability

Answer 3

Characterized by intellectual functioning significantly below average (usually two standard deviations below the mean, but it isn’t concrete)

Question 4

T/F people with an intellectual disability manifest these deficits during adulthood

Answer 4

false. the deficits are evident below the age of 18

Question 5

for intellectual diabilities, specifiers are placed based on:

Answer 5

Various specifiers are defined on the basis of adaptive functioning, and NOT IQ SCORES, because it is adaptive functioning that determines the level of supports required.

Question 6

problem with diagnosis procedure for ID (intellectual disability) - ID’s are chronic: people do not ‘recover’ from ID

Answer 6

o Slightly higher in males. Twice as many males are diagnosed as females among those with mild severity categorization.
- Problem for diagnosis; some people may be determined in childhood to meet the criteria for ID, but this may be due to other conditions masking their competence (autism, language disorder).

Question 7

mild ID is usually detected during:

Answer 7

o Typically not identified until early elementary years. Overrepresentation of minority group members. Develop social and communication skills. Usually live successfully in the community as adults with appropriate supports

Question 8

moderate ID is usually detected during

Answer 8

o Usually identified during preschool years
o Applies to many people with down syndrome
o Benefit from vocational training
o Generally can perform supervised unskilled or semiskilled work in adulthood.

Question 9

severe ID is usually detected during

Answer 9

o Often associated with organic causes.
o Usually identified at a very young age.
o Delays in developmental milestones and visible physical features are seen. May have mobility or other health problems.
o Need special assistance throughout their lives. Live in group homes or with their families

Question 10

profound ID is usually seen:

Answer 10

o Identified in infancy due to marked delays in development and biological/medical anomalies
o Learn only the rudimentary communication skills
o Require intensive training for eating, grooming, toileting and dressing behaviours.
o Often has co-occurring medical issues
o Require life long care and assistance.

Question 11

borderline intellectual functioning

Answer 11

a category that a person may fall in when they are experiencing delays in cognitive functioning RELATIVE to the normal population but may not reach the criteria to be diagnosed with an intellectual disability.

Question 12

three criterion for ID

Answer 12

1) age of onset
2) subaverage IQ
3) concurrent deficits or impairments in adaptive functioning (intermittent, limited, extensive or pervasive)

Question 13

T/F: people can recover from ID

Answer 13

false

Question 14

which societal group is most likely to have ID

Answer 14

ID is more prevalent among individuals of lower SES and from minority groups, especially for mild severity.

Question 15

___ and ___ causes are known for almost two-thirds of individuals with moderate to profound ID

Answer 15

GENETIC and ENVIRONMENTAL causes are known for almost two-thirds of individuals with moderate to profound ID

Question 16

Describe the genetic contributsion to ID

Answer 16

there are multiple genes that contribute to ID. Exposure to prenatal teratogens ex/ FASD due to alcohol

Question 17

two single-chromosome disorders

Answer 17

1) down syndrome

2) fragile X syndrome (ID with chromosomal cause)

Question 18

example of a dominant gene ID disorder

Answer 18

tuberous sclerosis

Question 19

example of receissive gene ID disorder

Answer 19

phenylketonuria (inability to digest phenylalanine and tyrosine, resulting in a bunch of anomalies, including mental deficits

Question 20

example of X-linked ID

Answer 20

Lesch-Nyahn syndrome, an ID with cerebral palsy-like symptoms too.

Question 21

cultural/social contributors of ID

Answer 21

abuse, neglect, social deprivation

Question 22

Problematic way of managing ID used in the 60s

Answer 22

Applied behaviour analysis:

Application of primarily operant conditioning principles and procedures (e.g., positive reinforcement, punishment, operant extinction, shaping

Question 23

people with IDs benefit from skills training (or task analysis), which is:

Answer 23

task analysis to break down complex skills into component parts for teaching.

Question 24

What kind of challenging behaviours are seen in people wiht ID?

Answer 24

self-injury, aggression, pica. Requires behavioural intervention.

Question 25

Additional supports are helpful for people with ID in order to:

Answer 25

gain as much independence as possible. Supported employment is also beneficial.

Question 26

augmentative communication strategies for people with ID

Answer 26

a method of communication training for people with ID, that uses picture books to teach the person to make a equest by pointing to a picture.
- now people are using tablets and computers.

Question 27

there’s not many preventative strategies to neurodevelopmental disorders. what’s the one thing out there?

Answer 27

if children are determined to come from environments that might make them delayed (ex/ abuse, neglect, bad environment), early interventions combining education, medical, and social supports can assist children and their families where the child is at risk for developing cultural/familial ID. Ex/ intensive preschool programs, nutritional support

Theres also GENETIC SCREENING being made (there’s one for down syndrome)

Question 28

specific learning disorders

Answer 28

cover problems related to academic performance in reading, mathematics, and writing that is substantially below what would be expected given the person’s age, IQ, and education.

Question 29

specific learning disorders is aka

Answer 29

learning disabilities.

Question 30

dyslexia and dyscalculia

Answer 30

dyslexia= deficits in reading
dyscalculia = deficits in math

Question 31

T/F: boys are more likely to have dyslexia

Answer 31

false. boys and girls are equally affected

Question 32

learning disorders are comorbid with

Answer 32

substance use

Question 33

which learning disorder is most common

Answer 33

difficulties with reading

Question 34

genetic contributors to specific learning disorder

Answer 34

found in identical twins and relatives.

Question 35

neurobiological contributors to specific learning disorders

Answer 35

subtle brain differences (ex/ weaker and delayed neural responses during reading of sentences found among dyslexic readers compared to controls)

Question 36

environmental contributors to learning disorders

Answer 36

SES, cultural expectations, parental interactions and expectations, child management practices, support (lack of) provided in school

Question 37

supports for specific learning disorder

Answer 37

Appropriate supports and accommodations in postsecondary education and employment are often critical to optimal success for adults:
Tutors
–Note-taking assistance
–Tape-recorded lectures
–Extra time or lack of time limits on tests

• Recognition that different people have different strengths and challenges and need different environments to thrive!
• Combination of programs effective

Question 38

_____ was a movement involving applications of genetics knowledge at the time, for which the goal was to improve the human race through better breeding. Eugenics advocates argued for the prevention of ID through sexual sterilization of individuals with ID.

Answer 38

Eugenics

Question 39

for specific learning disorders: educational efforts can be broadly categorized into three categoies:

Answer 39

1) efforts to remediate directly the underlying basic processing of problems
2) efforts to improve cognitive skills through general instruction in listening, comprehension, and memory
3) targeting the behavioural skills needed to compensate for specific problems the student may have with reading or math.

Question 40

The neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of conditions with onset in the _____ period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functionin

Answer 40

The neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairmentsof personal, social, academic, or occupational functionin