Chapter 13: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

Question 1

Three broad combined symptoms of schizophrenia coined by Emil Kraepelin. What was this latin term first coined as?

Answer 1

1) catatonia: alternating immobility and excited agitation
2) hebephrenia: silly and immature emotionality
3) paranoia: delusions of grandeur and persecution.

coined as DEMENTIA PRAECOX

Question 2

Who was the first to introduce the term schizophrenia

Answer 2

Eugen bleuler; a swiss psychiatrist. “split mind” Associative splitting was seen; fragmentation of basic personality functions.

Question 3

What is psychotic

Answer 3

a term that has been used to characterize unusual behaviours involving DELUSIONS AND HALLUCINATIONS.

Question 4

group of diagnoses recognized as related by those in the field of schizophrenia and all share features of extreme reality distortion

Answer 4

schizophrenia spectrum disorder

Question 5

three broad classifications of symptoms of SSD

Answer 5

1) positive
2) negative
3) disorganized symptoms: rambling speech, erratic behaviour and inappropriate affect

Question 6

delusions

Answer 6

a disorder of thought content. Can be delusions of grandeur or persecution

Question 7

Hallucinations. What are the most common?

Answer 7

experiences of sensory events without input from surrounding environments. Can involve any of the senses, but AUDITORY HALLUCINATIONS ARE THE MOST COMON. There is an abnormal activation of the primary auditory cortex

Question 8

auditory hallucinations may be due to:

Answer 8

abnormal activation of the primary auditory cortex

studies have shown that there is increased metabolic activity in the left primary auditory cortex and in the right middle termpoal gyrus.

Question 9

5 main negative symptoms

Answer 9

1) avolition
2) alogia
3) anhedonia
4) asociality
5) affective flattening

Question 10

what is avolution

Answer 10

inability to initiate or persist in activities. Also known as apathy; the lack of showing interest in performing any activity, including basic hygiene

Question 11

what is alogia

Answer 11

absense of speech; brief replies; little content and appear uninterested in conversation

Question 12

what is anhedonia

Answer 12

lack of pleasure experiences

Question 13

what is asociality

Answer 13

lack of interest in social interactions

Question 14

what is affective flattening

Answer 14

no open (expressive) reaction to emotional situations.

Question 15

Catanonic immobility and inappropriate affect are examples of ___ symptoms

Answer 15

disorganized.
ex/ inappropriate affect: laughing or crying at inappropriate times

catatonic immobility
- keeping body and limbs in unusual position; including keeping them in the position they are put in by someone else.

Question 16

According to the DSM, the presence of 2 or more symptoms of:
1) delusions
2) hallucinations
3) disorganized speech
4) grossly disorganized or catatonic behaviour
5) negative symptoms
must be present for how long?

Answer 16

they must be present for a significant portion of time during a 1 month period

Question 17

Disorganized speech is an example of ___ symptoms.What specific responses are seen?

Answer 17

disorganized symptoms. Tangentiality is often seen. this means that you do not answer the question and you just say unrelated things

Question 18

schizophrenia spectrum disorder can classify a bunch of different disorders including

Answer 18

1) schizotypal personality disorder
2) schizophreniform disorder
3) schizoaffective disorder
4) delusional disorder
5) brief psychotic disorder

Question 19

clinical description of schizotypal personality disorder

Answer 19

• social deficits, psychotic-like symptoms, paranoia, magical thinking, hypersensitive to criticism as children. People with schizotypal PD are typically socially isolated and behaviour oddly. They tend to be suspicious and have odd beliefs about the world.

Question 20

Causes of schizotypal PD

Answer 20

genetics and possibly left hemisphere damage.

Question 21

a disorder in which a person experiences “bouts” of schizophrenia for a few months, but then they can resume normal lives.

Answer 21

schizophreniform disorder. Symptoms must last less than 6 months

Question 22

Description of schizoaffective disorder

Answer 22

includes people who have symptoms of schizophrenia and who ALSO EXHIBIT THE CHARACTERISTICS OF OTHER MOOD DISORDERS such as depression and bipolar affective disorder.

Question 23

delusional disorder

Answer 23

people with a persistentbelief that is contrary to reality, in the absence of the other characteristics of schizophrenia.

ex/ they will have delusions or paranoia but they will not hav ea flat affect or anhedonia.

Question 24

brief psychotic disorder

Answer 24

includes people who experience some symptoms of schizophrenia but for less than a month.

Question 25

5 main delusional subtypes

Answer 25

1) erotomanic: someone’s mistaken belief that a higher-status and unsuspecting person is in love with him or her. RESULTS IN THE PERSON FOLLOWING THE HIGHER RANKING PERSON AROUND AND STALKING.
2) grandiose delusions: believing in one’s inflated worth, power, knowledge, identity, or special relationship
3) jealous delusions: believing that their partners are excluding them or unfaithful
4) persecutory type of delusion: involves the person believing that he or she is being malevolently treated in some way
5) somatic type of delusion: the person feels afflicted by a physical defect or general medical condition.

Question 26

shared psychotic disorder (folie a deux)

Answer 26

the condition in which an individual develops delusions simply as a result of a close
relationship with a delusional individual.

Question 27

delusional disorders can also be caused by drugs or other medical conditions, in which case they are not truly considered a schizophrenic-like delusional disorder. Instead what are they called?

Answer 27

1) substance-induced psychotic disorder

2) psychotic disorder due to a medical condition.

Question 28

attenuated psychosis syndrome

Answer 28

people with symptoms of schizophrenia but they are aware of the troubling and bizzare nature of these symptoms.

Question 29

Statistics: 0.2% to 1.5% in general population are affected by schizophrenia. What is the life expectancy

Answer 29

• slightly less than average life expectancy .
  there are also higher rates of suicide and accidents. There are higher rates of obesity, smoking, angina, and respiratory problems.

Question 30

T/F: men are more affected by schizophrenia than women

Answer 30

false. They are affected at the same rate, but ONSET is different

The onset of schizophrenia is greatest in EARLY adulthood and decline with age for males, whereas the reverse is true for females.

Question 31

T/F schizophrenic tendencies can be seen in kids

Answer 31

true. children that go on to develop schizophrenia show early clinical features such as mild physicla abnormalities, poor motor coordination and mild cognitive and social problems.

Question 32

When do the more severe symptoms of schizophrenia manifest?

Answer 32

More severe symptoms first occur in late adolescence or early adulthood

Question 33

what are the prodromal stages of schizophrenia development

Answer 33

occurs in 85% of people with schizophrenia. there is a 1-2 year period of less severe symptoms.

Largely characteristic of schizotypal personality disorder (reference problems where they think random coincidences are about them, or believing in magical thinking, isolation, marked impairment in functioning)

Question 34

T/F: once initial symptoms occur, the person is immediately high risk

Answer 34

false. Once symptoms appear, tales 2-10 years for someone to meet full criteria.

Question 35

in north america, what demographic is more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia

Answer 35

black people– MAY REFLECT MISDIAGNOSIS due to bias against minority groups

Question 36

which countries are more likely to improve or recover from schizophrenia

Answer 36

colombia, india, nigeria.

treatment outcome are better in poorer countries.

Question 37

Explain how family studies have shown genetic influences of schizophrenia

Answer 37

• children of schizophrenic parents are likely to have it too
• having a family member with schozphrenia predisposes you to BEING AT RISK FOR A SPECTRUM OF PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS RELATED TO SCHIZOPHRENIA

-having schizophrenia varies according to how many genes you share with an individual who has the disorder.

Question 38

Twin studies on schizophrenia findings

Answer 38

twins/quadruplets have different onset, symptoms, diagnoses, course and outcomes, but schizophrenia is definitely heritable.

Question 39

adoption studies on schizophrenia

Answer 39

even when raised away from their biological parents, children of parents with schizophrenia have a much higher chance of having the disorder themselves.

Question 40

it is says that schizophrenia is linked to cannabis use. When is this true?

Answer 40

only when the person carries a valine 158 mutation in the allele for COMT (catechol-o-methyltransferase)

Question 41

three big genes associated with increased susceptibility to schizophrenia

Answer 41

1) Neuregulin 1
2) DTNBP1
3) COMT : important in playing a role in DA metabolism.

Question 42

Example of a marker for schizophrenia (test)

Answer 42

eye-tracking deficits may be a marker for schizophrenia. (using smooth persuit eye-movement test): people predisposed to schizophrenia have problems smoothly tracking obejcts that move across a screen.

Question 43

explain what it means whern schizophrenia involves quantitative trait loci.

Answer 43

schizophrenia involves more than one gene.