Chapter 2: Integrative Approaches to Psychopathlogy Flashcards
1
Q
____ dimensions of the multidimensional integrative approach to psychopathology focus on factors from genetics and neuroscience
A
BIOLOGICAL
2
Q
___ dimensions of the multidimensional integrative approach to psychopathology focus on factors from behavioral and cognitive processes
A
PSYCHOLOGICAL dimensions. includes learned helplessness, social learning, etc.
3
Q
____ influences of the multidimensional integrative approach to psychopathology focus on social factors
A
interpersonal dimensions
4
Q
_____ influences of the multidimensional integrative approach to psychopathology focus on age-related factors and critical period influences
A
DEVELOPMENTAL
5
Q
a one dimensional model is ___ in approach and attributes causes of behavior to:
A
a one dimensional model is LINEAR in appraoch and attributes causes of behavior to a SINGLE CAUSE
6
Q
______ model encompases 2 or more influences.
A
multidimensional model.
7
Q
a normal human cell has ___ chromosomes arranged in __- pairs.
A
a normal human cell has 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs.
8
Q
most of our development and behaviour is polygenic, meaning:
A
it is influenced by many genes, which also may be influenced by the environment.
9
Q
genome
A
an individuals complete set of genes
10
Q
quantitative genetics
A
estimates the effects of genes on individual differences.
11
Q
molecular genetics and a technique used
A
actual structure and functioning of genes.
-DNA microarrays: identify gene networks that may be contributing to a particular trait.
12
Q
briefly describe the interaction of genetic and environmental effects
A
- genetic structure of the cell may actually change as a result of learning. the environment may occasionally turn genes on. the receptor activation may change, resulting in dif biochemical functioning in the brain.
13
Q
diathesis stress model
A
individuals inherit from multiple genes tendencies to express certain traits and behaviors.
- when the right kind of life event occurs (stress), a disorder may develop due to predisposition
14
Q
what is a diathesis
A
an inherited tendency/condition that makes a person susceptible to developing a disorder.
15
Q
gene-environment correlational method/hypothesis
A
the idea that genetic endowment may increase probability of responding negatively to stressful events . people with genetically determined tendencies may create the very environmental risk factors that trigger a genetic vulnerability to the disorder.
16
Q
describe the anxious rat pup study and its relevance to epigenetics and critical periods.
A
studied epigenetics. rats born to an anxiousmom but raised with non-anxious moms grew up more calm than their siblings who were raised by the anxious mom.
- this effect occurred only if the rat mother was calm during the rat pups’ first week of lfie. Early experiences is important —> Critical Period.
- study suggests t environmental effects of early parenting seem to OVERRIDE any genetic contribution to be anxious, emotional, or reactive to stress.
- anxious born but nonanxious raised rats were also calm when raising their own young, therefore, reversing the genetic contribution to the expression of personality traits.
17
Q
epigenetics
A
genes are turned on/off by cellular material that is located just outside of the genome. stress, nutrition, and other factors can affect this epigenome.
- the genome isn’t truly changes, but the type of genome expressed can change depending on the disappearance/appearance of stress.
-strong environmental influences may be sufficient to override genetic diatheses.
18
Q
the CNS is comprised of the ___ and __ ___
A
brain and spinal cord.
19
Q
neurons are connected with each other by a ___ ___ and communicates using ___ ___
A
connected by a SYNAPTIC CLEFT and communicates using NEUROTRANSMITTERS
20
Q
two main “structures” of the brain
A
1) brain stem: handles essential automatic functions: breathing, sleeping, coordinated movement etc.
2) forebrain
21
Q
5 regions of the brainstem
A
1) hind brain
2) midbrain
3) thalamus and hypothalamus
4) limbic system
5) basal ganglia.
22
Q
3 primary structures of the hindbrain and purpose
A
Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum.
- automatic regulation: heart beat, disgestion, motor (cerebellum), breathing.
23
Q
structures of the midbrain and the purpose
A
contains the RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM:
1) superior colliculus
2) inferior colliculus
3) pineal galnd.
coordinates movement with sensory input. also involved with arousal and tension
24
Q
purpose of thalamus and hypothalamus
A
broad regulation of behavior and emotion. relay structures between forebrain and lower brainstem.
25
structures of the limbic system and pupsoe
1) hippocampus
2) cingulate gyrus
3) septum
4) amygdala.
- regulates emotional experiences and expressions. involved in basic drives of sex, aggression, hunger and thirst.
26
what nucleus is associated with the basal ganglia?
caudate nucleus. the basal ganglia and caudate nucleus are involved in motor activity.
27
the forebrain's cerebral cortex is divided into ___ hemispheres that operate relatively independently. differences between the hemispheres?
2 hemispheres.
right hemisphere: creating images
left hemisphere: verbal and cognitive processess
28
which lobe is responsible for long term memory storage
temporal
29
which love is responsible for reasoning abilities and memory, sociality, relation
frontal lobe
30
two branches of autonomic NS
symp and parasymp
31
symp ganglia are near the ____, parasymp ganglia are near the ___
symp ganglia are near the SPINAL CORD, parasymp ganglia are near the EFFECTOR ORGAN
32
preganglionic axons use ____, post ganglionic axons use ___ in symp and ____ in parasymp
preganglionic axons use ACH, post ganglionic axons use NE in symp and ACH in parasymp
33
the endocrine system is regulated by the ____ nervous system.
PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system. contains glands that each produce its own hormones, which are released into the blood stream.
34
3 consequences of sympathetic nervous system actvation
1) increased HR: increased blood flow to muscle
2) increased respiration: increased O2 to body
3) adrenal gland stimulation.
35
the ______ (in brain stem) connects to the ___ gland, which regulates the endocrine system. the ___ gland may stimulated the ___ adrenal gland, which causes the production and release of ___ and ____. This entire system is known as the ___ axis.
the HYPOTHALAUS (in brain stem) connects to the PITUITARY gland, which regulates the endocrine system. the PITUITARY gland may stimulate the CORTICAL adrenal gland, which causes the production and release of CORTISOL and NE This entire system is known as the HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENALCORTICAL axis.
36
T/F: disturbances in funcitoniong are almost never involving problems with a single neurotransmitter
true. they almost always involve various neurotransmitters.
37
most NTs are ___ or ___ ____
monoamines or amino acids.
38
____ increase the activity of NT by mimicking its effects
____ decrease the activity of NT by blocking the receptor
____ ____ produce the effects opposite to those produced by the NT
AGONIST increase the activity of NT by mimicking its effects
ANTAGONIST decrease the activity of NT by blocking the receptor
INVERSE AGONIST produce the effects opposite to those produced by the NT
39
___ and ___ are chemical brothers because they work to balance brain function.
glutamate and GABA
40
how do benzodiazepines have relaxing effects
makes it easier for GABA molecules to attach themselves to specific receptors. therefore, they are GABA agonists because they increase binding. The more benzodiazepines, the more GABA becomes attached to neuron receptors and the calmer we become
- reduce anxiety and aggression
- possible anti-convulsant effects.
41
what structure is involved in the 5HT system? what does it do?
dorsal raphe nuclei. it regulates our moods and thought processes. decreased 5HT may result in increased impulsivity, instability, suicide, impulsive overeating, depression.
42
what happens when you have wayyy too much 5HT?
may interact with GABA to counteract glutamate
43
NE receptors
alpha and beta. beta is seen in the parasymp NS. Beta blockers results in decreased HR and decreased BP.
44
2 circuits of NE
1) alarm circuit: influences emergency reactions
| 2) hindbrain circuit: basic bodily function (ex/ respiration rate)
45
how does 5HT and DA balance each other out?
- DA is associated with exploratory, outgoing, pleasure seeking behaviors. 5HT is involved in inhibition and constraint. they balance each other out.
46
2 dopamine pathways
1) mesolimbic : VTA to BG to PFC. involved in reward/pleasure and locomotion
2) mesostriatal: substantia nigra to dorsal striatum and putamen.
47
how does DA play a role in tardive dyskenisa
DA is implicated in locomotor system because of the mesolimbic pathway that involves the basal ganglia. This regulates the ability to coordinate movement. Once dA turns on the locomotor pathway, 5HT can influence it too for fine motor control.
48
how are genetics related to NTs
genetic contributions might lead to patterns of NT activity that influence behavior and personality.
49
describe brain structures affected by OCD and the NTs implicated
OCD shoes increased activity in the ORBITAL SURFACE, CINGULATE GYRUS, AND CAUDATE NUCLEUS, a nuclei which is part of the orbital cortx-thalamus pathway.
- 5HT is implicated. Usually 5HT moderates our reactions. No 5HT makes it hard to ignore the irrelevant external cues, making the person overreactive. results in increased impulsivity.
50
OCD and anxiety both implicate the ____
orbital frontal cortex.
51
psychotherapy can result in a ____ of abnormal patterns of activity, or the ___ of additional brain areas.
psychotherapy can result in a NORMALIZATION of abnormal patterns of activity, or theRECRUITMENT of additional brain areas.
ex/ exposure therapy for a specific phobia alters brain function and brain activity dramatically.
52
explain how a placebo effect can act as a psychotherapy
when patients KNOW they are given a good treatment, they may respond better. ex/ when pts know they were given morphine because they could see the pump, the felt more pain relief than people who did not know, even though both groups were administered the same amount of drug. placebos can induce a POSITIVE EXPECTATION
for change, which can in turn change brain function.
53
placebos can induce a ___ ___ for change, which can in turn change brain function.
placebos can induce a POSITIVE EXPECTATION for change, which can in turn change brain function.
54
describe the findings that show that placebo psychotherapy actually contributes to normalization of abnormal brain patterns.
durg study: groups given opioid, placebo, or normal. less pain was seen in both the opioid and placebo group compared to nothing. opioid and placebo group both ACTIVATED ANTERIOR CINGULATE GYRUS: responsible for control of PAIN RESPONSE IN THE BRAIN STEM, and the cognitive expectations of pain relief created by the placebo condition caused these brain circuits to be turned on.
55
role of anterior cingulate gyrus in pain
ANTERIOR CINGULATE GYRUS: responsible for control of PAIN RESPONSE IN THE BRAIN STEM
56
cognitive behavioral therapy is considered a ______ change because it facilitates thinking patterns in the cortex, and can modify emotions/brain stem. Drugs are ____-up
cognitive behavioral therapy is considered a TOP-DOWN change because it facilitates thinking patterns in the cortex, and can modify emotions/brain stem. Drugs are BOTTOM-up
57
explain the monkey study about how PSYCHOSOCIAL factors interact with BRAIN STRUCTURE/FUNCTION
- monkeys raised in "no control" environment were given GABA antagonists and appeared very anxious. Monkeys raised in environment that they had control over were not as anxious when given a GABA antagonist (they were a little aggressive/moody, but nothing like the no control monkeys).
- indicates that NT effects are DEPENDENT on psychological histories.
58
explain the rat study about how PSYCHOSOCIAL factors interact with BRAIN STRUCTURE/FUNCTION
rats raised in rich environments that facilitated learning and movement had more dendritic growth in cerebellums than couch potato rats.
- rats exposed to stress during early development can lead to substantial changes in the functioning of the HPA axis.
- indicates that psychological experience affects the development of the nervous system and thus determines vulnerability to psychological disorders later in life.
59
cognitive sicence
the study of how we acquire and process info, and how we store and ultimately retrive it. these cognitive processes are unconcious.
60
in classical conditioning, paired associations between ____ ___ and ___ ___ are made.
NEUTRAL STIMULI AND UNCONDITIONED STIMULI.
| involuntary retrieves emotional/behavioral responses once paired
61
operant conditioning invovles associations between a ___ and its ___
between a behavior and its consequence.
62
positive reinforcement
giving a reward
63
neg reinforcement
taking away a noxious stimuli
64
pos punishment
adding a punishment (spanking)
65
neg punishment
taking away a desired item (ex/ removing phone)
66
both types of conditioning facilitate ____ ____ among events
learning relationships. we make judgements based on these relationships. our responses are often protective to us.
67
the lack of behavior shown by an organism when it encounters conditions over which no control is possible is known as
learned helplessness. we give up attempting to cope.this leads to depression due to external locus of controls.
68
positive psychology
therapy trying to counteract learned helplessness by instilling positive attitudes and happiness and learned optimism
- if people face stress in their lives but still remain optimistic, they are likely to function better both psychologically and physically.
- adults with optimism towards aging live 7.5 years older than adults without positive attitudes.
69
observational learning is aka ____ or ____ learning
modelling or vicarious learning
70
what is observational learning
people learn simply by watching others in their environment.
71
observational learning requires a ___ ___ of the experiences of others, and the ability to ___ what might happen to us.
observational learning requires a SYMBOLIC INTEGRATION of the experiences of others, and the ability to JUDGE what might happen to us.
72
social learning theory
much of what we learn depends on our interactions with others around us.
73
vicarious learning and its relation to reward
children will mimic behaviors they watch adults do. If they watch an adult be rewarded for the behavior, they will mimic the behavior even more.
74
3 requirements of observational learning
1) attention: kid must watch what the other person is doing
2) retention: kid must remember the outcome and the overall behavior
3) reproduce: kid must be able to reproduce the same action.
75
prepared learning
biologically facilitated learning. we have become highly prepared for learning about certain types of objects or situations through evolution.
76
___ ___ is responsible for our ability to "one-trial" learn.
prepared learning. its easy for us to get conditions to associate certain foods with sickness, causing us to stay away from that foot completely. Its harder to condition an association between hearing a tone and getting sick, because that often didn't happen in our evolutionary history. p
77
prepared learning is most often applied to ___ ___
classical conditioning. we easily associate things that can protect us.
78
example of how we're able to process and store info and act on it without having concious awareness
blindsight.
79
implicit memory
memory that is there but we cannot truly recall it, even though we act based on things that have happened. aka priming. procedural memory is also type of implicit memory
80
explicit memory
Declarative memory. Actual memory of events (episodic) or facts (semantic) that can be consciously recalled
81
implicit cognition
unobservable and unconscious cognitive processes. unconcious feelings/ cognitions can be inferred by an individual's self report.
82
rational-emotive therapy
a cognitive behavioural therapy that focuses on modifying irrational beliefs that were thought to be the root of maladaptive feelings.
ex/ person with anxiety thinks their friends are mad at them all the time, even though that isn't the case. this CBT tries to modify this belief.
83
this type of cognitive behavioural therapy modifies what clients say to themselves about the consequences of their behavior.
self instructional training
84
why are individuals with anxiety/depression often not aware that their thinking is negative or irrational?
because these automatic thoughts are unconscious, that arise from MALADAPTIVE SCHEMAS.
ex/ I'm going to fail the course" is a thought produced by a negative self-evaluation schema that was formed by negative experiences.
-CB therapists examine the ongoing thinking processes of individuals who are anxious/depressed
85
what is cognitive restructuring
a cognitive behavioural therapy where therapists work with the pt to uncover these automatic thought and unconscious maladaptive schemas to develop a dif attitude and attributions to the world. Reconstruc the maladaptive schema.
86
cognitive behavioural therapy targets both aspects of the problem:
1) modifying attitude (cognitive)
| 2) avoiding situations that will provoke unrealistic anxiety (behavioral)
87
physiology and purpose of fear
its a defensive adjustment that causes us to increase our HR, pupil dilation, increase resp rate tc.
- allows us to operate in more physically demanding environments
- allows us to be more alert during emergencies
88
fear is the subjective feeling of ____.
terror. fear is a strong motivator for behavior.
89
fear elicits the evolutionarily beneficial ____ repsonse.
fight or flight response. this was beneficial, but an overactive F/F respons may be responsible for forms of psychopathology. Genes encoding for a strong F/F promoted survival, which resulted in these genes being passed down.
90
an ____ is a short lived, temporary state that is a part of an action tendency
emotion
91
action tendency:
a tendency to behave in a certain way. this tendnecy is elicited by an external event and a feeling state, and accompanied by a physiological response.
92
Mood
a more persistent period or affect of emotionality
93
affect
momentary emotional tone that accompanies an ACTION/what we do. (ex/ if we cry when we get a good mark, it is suggested that we have an abnormal affect-- we should be happy)
- affects are also said to be used to summarize emotional commonalities in an individual. Ex/ if a person is depressed, fearful, and anxious, they have a negative affect)
94
Emotion comprises 3 related components:
1) behavior: facial expressions convey intent, emotional behavior is a method of communication
2) physiology: emotion is a primitive brain function. Primitive brain areas have a direct connection with the eyes to allow emotional processing to bypass the influence of higher cognitive processes. You may experience various emotions quickly and directly without thinking about them, or you might not even be away of why you feel the way you do. Emotion may trigger a physiological response, or a physiological response may trigger emotion.
3) cognition: appraisals and attributions to your surroundings are fundamental to the emotional experience.
95
how are emotions related to psychopathology
- suppressing emotional responses increases sympathetic NS activity, which may contribute to disorders.
- basic emotions may contribute to many psychological disorders, and may even define them
ex/ depression --> excessive sadness
mania --> excessive excitement.
96
T/F fears and phobias are universal
True, but fear can be influenced by our social environment and culture.
97
-suppressing emotional responses increases _____ NS activity, which may contribute to disorders.
-suppressing emotional responses increases sympathetic NS activity, which may contribute to disorders.
98
Which gender has more phobias
women.
99
which gender is more depressed
women
100
which gender is most likely to committ suicide
men
101
which gender is more at risk for self medication
men
102
which group of men are more at risk for eating disorders?
LGBTQ
103
women tend to talk to people when stressed. this is called the ___ and ___ hypothesis. It was evolutionarily beneficial to talk to people/be in groups during hard times
tend and befriend hypothesis.
men to be alone when stressed-- they don't want to talk to anyone (bc of social factors). Often results in increased suicide due to isolation.
104
which gender is more likely to respond to CBT
women. they often have enhanced emotional processing capabilities.
105
T/F Social experiences protect against psychological disorders
true. interpersonal interactions give people "something to live for" and prevent depression and phobias. social relationships facilitate health promoting behaviors.
studies show that there are higher rates of depression in people living alone than if they lived in groups.
studies also show that there are higher rates of psychological disorders in indigenous canadians due to social factors like poverty, drug use, opression and childabuse.
106
what is interpersonal psychotherapy
therapy that places an emphasis on CURRENT interpersonal relationships.
in addition: looks at interpersonal experiences during particular psychosexual stages or growth in childhood. (slightly freudian)
in IPT, pt and therpaists work together on identifying LIFE STRESSES that might precipitate the disorder, and current interpersonal prblems are the source of the life stress.
107
common life stresses that are a result of interpersonal conflicts
1) marital conflicts
2) death of a loved one
3) new job
4) social deficits that make it difficult to create a meaningful interpersonal relationship.
108
how can lifespan developments influence psychological disorders
experiences during different periods of development may influence our vulnerability to other types of psychological disorders/ stress.
- prior experience (even in the womb) can impact subsequent development presentation of psychological disorders.
109
end of history illusion
a cognitive bias that makes us think that we will change very little in the years to come.
110
what is equifinality
the idea that a particular disorder may have several causes.
equifinality refers to how different early experiences in life (e.g., parental divorce, physical abuse, parental substance abuse) can lead to similar outcomes (e.g., childhood depression). In other words, there are many different early experiences that can lead to the same psychological disorder.
different paths can result from the interaction of psychological and biological factors during various stages of development.
ex// people with the same brain damage may have different levels of disorder dependent on psychologically-enhancing factors like social support and environment.
psychological disorders have many causes that interact with one another. We must consider many paths to the same outcome.
