Chapter 40 Oxygenation

Question 1

supply the oxygen demands of the body:

Answer 1

The cardiac and respiratory systems

Question 2

The exchange of respiratory gases occurs between

Answer 2

the environment and the blood

Question 3

Respiration is the exchange of

Answer 3

oxygen and carbon dioxide during cellular metabolism.

Question 4

Neural and chemical regulators control the

Answer 4

rate and depth of respiration in response to changing tissue oxygen demands.

Question 5

Ventilation:

Answer 5

the process of moving gases into and out of the lungs

Question 6

Perfusion:

Answer 6

The ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs
(color of skin - pink is good)

Question 7

Diffusion:

Answer 7

Exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries

Question 8

Inspiration:

Answer 8

active process

Question 9

Expiration:

Answer 9

passive process that depends on elastic recoil properties

Question 10

Surfactant:

Answer 10

chemical produced in the lungs to maintain surface tension

Question 11

Atelectasis:

Answer 11

collapse of the alveoi that prevents normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 12

Stroke volume:

Answer 12

the volume of blood ejected from ventricles during systole

Question 13

Deoxygenated blood

Answer 13

1. Blood high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen

2. To right side of heart, then to lungs

Question 14

Oxygenated blood

Answer 14

1. Blood high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide

2. From the lungs to left side of heart out to rest of body

Question 15

Myocardial:

Answer 15

Pumping action essential to oxygen delivery

-heart muscle

Question 16

Factors affecting oxygenation: Physiological

Answer 16

• Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity
• Hypovolemia
• Decreased inspired oxygen concentration
• Increased metabolic rate (fever)

Question 17

-Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity

Answer 17

Anemia and CO posioning

Question 18

Hypovolemia

Answer 18

low blood volume

-related to severe dehydration and shock

Question 19

Chest wall movement

Answer 19

• Pregnancy
• Obesity
• Musculoskeletal abnormalities
• Trauma
• Neuromuscular abnormalities (polio)
• Central nervous system alterations (paralysis)

Question 20

Chronic diseases:

Answer 20

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 21

preload:

Answer 21

end-diastolic volume

Question 22

afterload:

Answer 22

resistance of left ventricle ejection

Question 23

NSR:

Answer 23

Normal sinus rhythum - normal sequence on ECG

Question 24

Hyperventilation:

Answer 24

Ventilation in excess of that required to eliminate carbon dioxide produced by cellular metabolism

Question 25

Hypoxia:

Answer 25

Inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level

Question 26

Hypoventilation:

Answer 26

Alveolar ventilation inadequate to meet the body's oxygen demand or to eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide

Question 27

Cyanosis:

Answer 27

Blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes | -late sign of hypoxia

Question 28

Dysrhythmias:

Answer 28

deviation from the normal sinus heart rhythm

Question 29

Lifestyle risk factors:

Answer 29

Smoking Substance abuse Stress

Question 30

Smoking

Answer 30

- Associated with heart disease, COPD, and lung cancer | - The risk of lung cancer is 10 times greater for a person who smokes than for a nonsmoker.

Question 31

Substance abuse

Answer 31

Excessive use of alcohol and other drugs impairs tissue oxygenation.

Question 32

Stress

Answer 32

A continuous state of stress or severe anxiety increases the metabolic rate and oxygen demand of the body.

Question 33

Myocardial ischemia:

Answer 33

results when the supply to the blood to the myocardium from the coronary arteries is insufficient to meet oxygen demands

Question 34

Angina pectoris:

Answer 34

transient imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand

Question 35

Myocardial infarction (MI) or Acute coronary syndrome (ACS):

Answer 35

results from sudden decreases in coronary blood flow or increase in myocardial oxygen demand without adequate perfusion

Question 36

The incidence of pulmonary disease is higher in

Answer 36

smoggy, urban areas than in rural areas.

Question 37

Coccidioidomycosis:

Answer 37

fungal disease that can inhale spores

Question 38

Asbestosis:

Answer 38

lead to lung cancer

Question 39

Vaccinations

Answer 39

Influenza, pneumococcal

Question 40

Environmental pollutants

Answer 40

Secondhand smoke, work chemicals, and pollutants

Question 41

Dyspnea:

Answer 41

clinical sign of hypoxia, difficulty breathing | -anxiety, aspirin poisoning

Question 42

Orthopnea:

Answer 42

patient uses multiple pillows when reclining to breath easier or sits leaning forward with arms elevated

Question 43

Acute Care:

Answer 43

``` Hydration Humidification Nebulization Airway maintenence Chest physiotherapy Dyspnea managment Coughing, and deep breathing techniques Mobilization of pulmonary secretions ```

Question 44

Humidification:

Answer 44

the process of adding water to gas

Question 45

Nebulization:

Answer 45

adds moisture or medications to inspired air by mixing particles of varying sizeses with air

Question 46

Spirometry:

Answer 46

- Helps a patient deep-breathe and prevent infection - Lowers rates of postoperative pneumonia - -Volume-oriented

Question 47

Chest physiotherapy:

Answer 47

group of therapies for mobilizing pulmonary secretions

Question 48

Postural drainage:

Answer 48

component of pulmonary hygiene

Question 49

Oxygen therapy:

Answer 49

- To prevent or relieve hypoxia - Early signs of hypoxia include anxiety, confusion, restlessness, and elevated blood pressure - Used to treat diseases like pneumonia and chronic bronchitis

Question 50

Safety precautions:

Answer 50

Oxygen is a medication

Question 51

Supply of oxygen:

Answer 51

Tanks or wall-piped system

Question 52

Methods of oxygen delivery:

Answer 52

- Nasal cannula | - Oxygen mask

Question 53

Nasal cannula:

Answer 53

-Simple, effective, and comfortable -Inexpensive and disposable Oxygen tubing

Question 54

Oxygen mask:

Answer 54

Simple face mask Plastic face mask with reservoir bag Face tent Oxygen hood

Question 55

Other types of oxygen delivery devices:

Answer 55

- Transtracheal oxygen cannula: cath insterted into trachea - Partial nonrebreather mask with resovoir bag - Nonrebreather with bag: has valve to prevent exhaled air from returning - Venturi mask: delivers humidity

Question 56

CPR:

Answer 56

1. Circulation 2. Airway 3. Breathing - Defibrillation (automatic external defibrillator [AED])

Question 57

The nurse is caring for a patient who has decreased mobility. Which intervention is a simple and cost-effective method for reducing risks of stasis of pulmonary secretions and decreased chest wall expansion?

Answer 57

Frequent change of position - something the nurse can do without the doctor's order

Question 58

The nurse goes to assess a new patient and finds him lying supine (flat) in bed. The patient tells the nurse that he feels short of breath. Which nursing action should the nurse perform first?

Answer 58

Raise the head of the bed to 45 degrees - comfort first

Question 59

Which intervention is appropriate for preventing atelectasis in the postoperative patient?

Answer 59

Incentive spirometer