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Nursing 200 > Chapter 28 Infection Prevention > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Infection Prevention Flashcards

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1
Q

Infection is

A

the invasion of a susceptible host by pathogens or microorganisms, resulting in disease.

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2
Q

Entry and multiplication of organisms result in

A

disease

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3
Q

Colonization occurs when

A

a microorganism invades the host but does not cause infection

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4
Q

Communicable disease is

A

the infectious process transmitted from one person to another.

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5
Q

symptomatic infection:

A

pathogens multiply and cause clinical signs and symptoms

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6
Q

asymptomatic infection:

A

clinical signs and symptoms are not present

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7
Q

Hand hygiene is

A

the most important technique to use in preventing and controlling transmission of infection

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8
Q

Chain of Infection

A

Infectious agent or pathogen –> Reservoir or source for pathogen growth –> Portal of exit –> Mode of transmission –> Portal of entry –> Susceptible host

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9
Q

Immunocompromised means

A

having an impaired immune system

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10
Q

Virulence is

A

the ability to produce disease

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11
Q

Aerobic bacteria require

A

oxygen for survival and for multiplication sufficient to cause disease.

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12
Q

Anaerobic bacteria thrive

A

where little or no free oxygen is available.

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13
Q

bacteriostasis—

A

prevention of growth and reproduction of bacteria

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14
Q

bactericidal—

A

destructive to bacteria

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15
Q

Infectious Process: 4 Stages

A
  1. Incubation period
  2. Prodromal stage
  3. Illness stage
  4. Convalescence
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16
Q

Infectious Process is a localized

A

versus systematic infection

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17
Q

Normal flora

A

Microorganisms
-helps to resist infection by releasing antibacterial substances and inhibiting multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms

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18
Q

Body system defenses

A

organs

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19
Q

Inflammation:

A

Vascular and cellular responses
Exudates (serous, sanguineous, or purulent)
Tissue repair

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20
Q

Signs of local inflammation and infection are

A

identical

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21
Q

Health Care–Associated Infections:

A

Results from delivery of health services in a health care facility

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22
Q

Patients at greater risk for health-care associated infections (HAIs):

A

Multiple illnesses
Older adults
Poorly nourished
Lowered resistance to infection

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23
Q

Types of HAI infection:

A

latrogenic
exogenous
endogenous

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24
Q

Latrogenic:

A

from a procedure

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25
Q

Exogenous:

A

from microorganisms outside the individual

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26
Q

Endogenous:

A

when the patient’s flora becomes altered and an overgrowth results

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27
Q

Risk factors:

A

Number of health care employees with direct contact with the patient
Types and numbers of invasive procedures
Therapy received
Length of hospitalization

28
Q

Major sites for HAI infection:

A

Surgical or traumatic wounds
Urinary and respiratory tracts
Bloodstream

29
Q

Factors influencing infection:

A 
prevention and control:
Age
Nutritional status
Stress
Disease process
Treatments or conditions that compromise the immune response
30
Q

Assessment includes a thorough investigation:

A

Review of systems, travel history

Immunizations and vaccinations

31
Q

Nursing Process: Assessment (cont’d)

A 
See through the patient’s eyes.
Status of defense mechanisms
Patient susceptibility
Clinical appearance
Laboratory data
32
Q

Patient susceptibility:

A

medical therapy

33
Q

Clinical appearance:

A

signs and symptoms of infection

34
Q

Nursing diagnoses for infection:

A

Risk for infection
Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements
Impaired oral mucous membrane
Risk for impaired skin integrity
Social isolation
Impaired tissue integrity
Readiness for enhanced immunization status

35
Q

Planning: Goals and outcomes:

A

Preventing exposure to infectious organisms
Controlling or reducing the extent of infection
Maintaining resistance to infection
Verbalizing understanding of infection prevention and control techniques (e.g., hand hygiene)

36
Q

Planning: Setting Priorities

A

Establish priorities for each diagnosis and for related goals of care.

37
Q

Planning: Teamwork and collaboration

A

Remember to plan care and include other disciplines as necessary.

38
Q

Implementation:

A

Health Promotion

Acute Care

39
Q

Health Promotion:

A

Preventing an infection from developing or spreading

40
Q

Acute care:

A

Treating an infectious process includes eliminating the infectious organisms and supporting the patient’s defenses

41
Q

When implementing care, consider:

A 
Medical and surgical asepsis
Control or elimination of infectious agents
Control or elimination of reservoirs
Control of portals of entry
Control of transmission
Hand hygiene
Isolation precautions
42
Q

Asepsis =

A

Absence of pathogenic (disease-producing) microorganisms.

43
Q

Aseptic technique =

A

Practices/ procedures that assist in reducing the risk for infection.

44
Q

Medical asepsis, or clean technique, includes

A

procedures for reducing the number of organisms present and preventing the transfer of organisms.

45
Q

Surgical asepsis or sterile technique prevents

A

contamination of an open wound, serves to isolate the operative area from the unsterile environment, and maintains a sterile field for surgery.

46
Q

Standard precautions help infection and can

A

Apply to contact with blood, body fluid, nonintact skin, and mucous membranes from all patients.

47
Q

Hand hygiene includes

A

using an instant alcohol hand antiseptic before and after providing patient care, washing hands with soap and water when they are visibly soiled, and performing a surgical scrub.

48
Q

Handwashing is:

A

the act of washing hands with soap and water, followed by rinsing under a stream of water for 15 seconds.

49
Q

Disinfection:

A
  • a process that eliminates many or all microorganisms, with the exception of bacterial spores, from inanimate objects
  • Disinfection of surfaces
  • High-level disinfection, which is required for some items such as endoscopes
50
Q

Sterilization:

A

the complete elimination or destruction of all microorganisms, including spores

51
Q

Patient safety:

A

Separate personal care items
Handling solid and fluid waste
Wound cleaning

52
Q

Other infection preventions include:

A

Patient education
Cough etiquette
Isolation and isolation precautions
Surgical asepsis

53
Q

Cough Etiquette:

A
  • Cover your nose/mouth with a tissue when you cough, and promptly dispose of the contaminated tissue.
  • Place a surgical mask on a patient if it does not compromise respiratory function or is applicable; this may not be feasible in pediatric populations.
  • Perform hand hygiene after contact with contaminated respiratory secretions
  • Maintain spatial separation greater than 3 feet from persons with respiratory infection
54
Q

Isolation:

A

the separation and restriction of movement of ill persons with contagious diseases.
-Standard precautions and isolation precations

55
Q

Isolation precautions:

A

airborne, droplet, contact, and protective environment

56
Q

Isolation includes:

A
  • Psychological implications
  • Isolation environment
  • Personal protective equipment
  • Specimen collection
  • Bagging of trash or linen
  • Patient transport
57
Q

Surgical Asepsis includes:

A
  • Patient preparation
  • Sterile field: an area free of microorganisms and prepared to receive sterile items
  • Principles
  • Performing sterile procedures
58
Q

Principles of Surgical Asepsis: Steps 1-4

A
  1. a sterile object remains sterile only when touched by another sterile object
  2. only sterile objects may be placed on a sterile field
  3. a sterile object or field out of the range of vision or an object held below a person’s waist is contaminated
  4. a sterile object or field becomes contaminated by prolonged exposure air
59
Q

Principles of Surgical Asepsis: Steps 5-7

A
  1. when a sterile surface comes in contact, the sterile object or field becomes contaminated by capillary action
  2. fluid flows in the direction of gravity
  3. The edges of a sterile field or container are considered to be contaminated
60
Q

Performing Sterile Procedures:

A
  • Donning and removing caps, masks, and eyewear
  • Opening sterile packages
    • Opening a sterile item on a flat surface
    • Opening a sterile item while holding it
  • Preparing a sterile field
  • Pouring sterile solutions
  • Surgical scrub
  • Applying sterile gloves
  • Donning a sterile gown
61
Q

Evaluation:

A

See through the patient’s eyes

Patient Outcomes

62
Q

See through the patient’s eyes:

A

Have the patient’s expectations been met?

63
Q

Patient outcomes:

A
  • Measure the success of the infection control techniques.
  • Compare the patient’s actual response with expected outcomes.
  • If goals are not achieved, determine what steps must be taken.
64
Q

Exposure issues:

A
  • infection from accidental needlesticks
    • report immediately
  • begins with source patient testing
    - stated in the testing law for each state
65
Q

MDRO:

A 
-Multi-Drug Resistant Organism
MRSA - Staph aureus 1 organism 
VRE - found in family
CRE
C. difficile (lives in GI)
66
Q

How do infections spread?

A

Contact
Airborne
Person to person
Vectors

67
Q

Antimicrobial Stewardship 5 D’s:

A 
Diagnosis
Drug
Dose
Duration
De-escalation

Nursing 200 (23 decks)

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