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HLST124: Microbiology > Chapter 4: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

prokaryote

A

pre nucleus

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2
Q

Eukaryote

A

true nucleus

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3
Q

types of spiral bacteria

A
  • vibrio/curved rod
  • sprillum
  • spirochete
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4
Q

vibrio / curved rod

A
  • gram negative, motile, facultatively curved rod
    EXAMPLE: Vibrio cholernae (causes cholerae)
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5
Q

Spirillum

A
  • contains flagellum
  • helical or corkscrew shaped bacteria
  • aerobic , helical bacteria with clumps of polar flagella
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6
Q

Spirochete

A
  • corkscrew shaped bacterium with axial filaments
    EXAMPLE: Treponema palladium (causes syhallis)
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7
Q

bacillus / rod

A
  • rod shaped, endospore forming, facultatively anaerobic, gram positive bacteria
    EXAMPLE: Bacillus anthrax (causes anthrax)
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8
Q

types of bacillus bacteria

A
  • single bacillus
  • dipolobacilli (pairs)
  • Streptobacilli (chains)
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9
Q

Shapes of bacteria

A
  • spiral
  • bacillus / rod
  • coccus
  • coccobacillus
  • pleomorphic
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10
Q

types of coccus

A
  • diplococci (pairs)
  • streptococci (chains)
  • straphylococci (clusters)
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11
Q

Diplococci

A
  • pairs
    EXAMPLE: Neisseria gonorhea (casues gonorhea)
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12
Q

streptococci

A
  • chains
    EXAMPLE: streptococcus pyogenes ( causes strep throat)
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13
Q

Straphylococci

A
  • clusters
    EXAMPLE: Streptococcus aureus (causes MRSA and skin infections)
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14
Q

Coccobacillus

A
  • bacterium that is an oval rod
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15
Q

Pleomorphic

A
  • vaired shape
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16
Q

Flangella filament is made of

A
  • made from falgellia
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17
Q

Flangella are

A

hook proteins
- attatch to a hook protein

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18
Q

flangella basal body

A

anchors to the wall

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19
Q

types of flagella

A
  • kanotrichous
  • amphytrichous
  • lophotrichous
  • peritrichous
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20
Q

monotrichous

A
  • single flagella at one pole
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21
Q

Amphytrichous

A
  • flagella at both poles of the cell
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22
Q

Lophotrichous

A
  • a tuft of flangella coming from one pole
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23
Q

Peritrichous

A
  • flagella distributed over the entire cell
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24
Q

Axial filament is also called

A

Endoflagella

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25
Q

Axial filament function

A
  • propels bacteria in a sprial motion
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26
Q

axial filaments are found in

A
  • spirochetes only
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27
Q

Glycocalyx functions

A
  • increases virulence (EXAMPLE: streptococcus pneumoniae)
  • phagocytosis decreases
  • allows bacterial cell to attactch (EXAMPLE: streptococcus mutains attaches to tooth –> causes tooth decay)
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28
Q

Virulence

A
  • the degree to which a pathogen causes disease
    EXAMPLE: streptococcus pneumoriae
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29
Q

glycocalyx is made up of

A

polysacharides and polypeptides

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30
Q

glycocalyx

A
  • capsule
  • outside cell wall
  • sticky
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31
Q

Fimbrae

A
  • hair-like projections
  • numerous
  • shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella
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32
Q

Fimbrae function

A

to attach

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33
Q

Example of fimbrae

A

neisseria gonnorhea ( auses gonnerhea)

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34
Q

Pilus (i) is also called

A

sex pilus

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35
Q

example of pilus

A
  • Escherichia coli
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36
Q

Pilus numbers

A
  • 1-2 per cell
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37
Q

Pilus function

A
  • motility
  • DNA transfer
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38
Q

Cell wall is made up of

A

peptidoglycan (murein)

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39
Q

Peptide is made up of

A
  • polypeptide
  • tetropeptide
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40
Q

tetropeptide make up

A
  • 4 amino acids attached to NAH
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41
Q

Glycogen is also

A

sugar (C6H12O6) backbone

42
Q

Glucose is made up of

A
  • NAM
  • NAG
43
Q

NAM stands for

A
  • N
    Acetyl
    Murunic Acid
44
Q

NAG stands for

A

N
Acetyl
Glucomine

45
Q

What from the backbone

A
  • alternating NAM and NAG molecules from the backbone
46
Q

types of cell wall bacteria

A
  • GRAM positive
  • GRAM negative
  • Atypical
47
Q

GRAM positive cell wall makeup

A
  • several layers of petidoglycan (PG) (thick)
    and
  • teichoic Acid (or lipoteichoic acid)
48
Q

Teichoic acid is made up of

A
  • an alchol and phosphate
49
Q

what is an anchol?

A

can be:
- Ribitol (5 carbon )
- Glycerol (3 carbon)
** structure changes depending on which alcohol

50
Q

Function of GRAM positive bacteria

A
  • identify / antigen specificity
  • Po4 - attracts postive ions
51
Q

GRAM negative cell wall makeup

A
  • one or two layers of PG
  • outer membrane (4 layers)
  • periplasm
52
Q

Periplasm

A
  • active area of cell metabolism
  • fills periplasmic space (between outer and plasma membrane)
53
Q

GRAM negative bacteria contains

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • Porins
  • Lipoprotein
  • lipopolyseccharide
54
Q

porins

A
  • protein
  • permit passageway of molecules (kemples)
55
Q

Lipopolyseccharide is made up of

A
  • lipid A
  • sugar
56
Q

Lipid A

A
  • is an endotoxin (causes fever, GI tract symptoms, and SHOCK)
57
Q

Sugar

A
  • no TA in gram-reg-bacteria
  • o polysaccride plays similar role as TA
58
Q

Atypucal bacteria uses what kind of stain

A
  • uses acid fast-stain
59
Q

Atypical Bacteria

A
  • waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to PG
  • mycobacterium species
60
Q

Atypical bacteria examples

A
  • microbacterium tuberculosis ( casues TB)
  • microbacterium leprae (cause leprosy)
  • mycoplsmna pneumoniae
  • archea
61
Q

what contians mycolic acid (waxy lipid)

A
  • microbacterim tuberculosis
  • micobacterium leprae
62
Q

mycoplasma pneumoniae

A
  • atypical bacteria
  • no cell wall
  • sterole; in plasma membrane
63
Q

Archaea

A
  • no cell wall
    or
  • walls with pseudomurein
64
Q

2 types of damage to the cell wall

A
  • lysozymes
  • antibiotics
65
Q

Lysozymes are foudn in

A
  • the mucous, saliva, tears, and breastmilk
66
Q

lysozyme function

A
  • destroy glycan of PG
67
Q

Protoplast

A

Lysozyme
- formed in a wall-less gram-positive cell
- only PM and PG

68
Q

Spheroplast

A
  • formed by the actions of lysozymes in a Gram-negative cel;
69
Q

plasma membrane has

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • peripherial proteins’- intergral proteins
70
Q

plasma membrane function

A
  • selective permunabilitySimple
71
Q

Diffusion

A
  • movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
72
Q

osmosis

A
  • the movement of water accross a selectivly permiable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration
73
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A
  • solute combines with a transpoter protein in the mebrane
  • move from high to low concentration
74
Q

Hypotonic

A
  • water moves into the cell (swells)
  • if cell bursts (osmotic lysis)
75
Q

Isotonic

A
  • no net movement of water
76
Q

Hypertonic

A
  • water moves out of the cell (shrinks)
  • plasmolysis
77
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • substance inside the cell memebrane
78
Q
  • Nucleotide
A
  • contains bacterial chromosome
79
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • attatched to the outer layer of ER or free floating
  • “workbenches” for protein synthesis
  • eukaryotes (larger); prokaryote (smaller)
  • granules of RNA and proteins
80
Q

Endospores

A
  • resting cell
  • resistant to desiccation, heat, and chemical
  • formed by gram positive bacteria (bacillus, clostriduim)
81
Q

what is the exeption to endospores

A
  • coxiella burmetti (causes fever) is a gram negative bacteria
82
Q

Sporulation

A
  • endospore formation
83
Q

Germination

A
  • return to vegatative state
84
Q

Clostridium Tetnus

A

causes tetnus

85
Q

Clostridium perfringes

A
  • causes gangreen
86
Q

closteridium bolulinum

A
  • causes botulism
87
Q

Clostridium difficile

A
  • causes colitus
88
Q

which organelles are only present in prokayotes

A
  • plasma membrane
  • ribosomes
  • cytoplasm
89
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Eukaryotes only
  • DNA and specialized proteins enclosed by a double layer membrane
  • acts as the control cente rof the cell
  • provides storage of genetic information
  • provides codes for the synthesis of structural and enzymatic proteins
  • serves as a blueprint for cell replication
90
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • forms new cell membrane and other cellular components
  • manufactures products for secretion
91
Q

Inclusions

A
  • glycogen granules, foat droplets
  • store excess nutrients
92
Q

Vaults

A
  • shaped like hollow octegonal barrels
  • “cellular trucks for transportation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
  • cancer patients: store chemotherapy drugs
93
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • no ribosomes
  • packages proteins (from RER) , synthesizes lipid hormones
  • muscles; store calcium as sarcoplasmic reticulum
94
Q

Golgi Complex

A
  • stackeled, flat membranous sacs
  • modifies packages, and distributes newly synthesized proteins
  • marks for final destination
95
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • contains oxidative enzymes
  • detoxification
96
Q

Vessicles

A
  • transiently formed, membrane enclosed products synthesized within/ engulfed by the cell
  • transports and store products being moved in/ out of the cell
97
Q

Cytosol

A
  • semi gelatinous
  • soluble
98
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • site of ATP production
  • double memebrane
99
Q

Centriole

A
  • consists of 9 short triplet microtubules
  • growth site of new microtubules
  • guides DNA movement
100
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • contain hydrolytic enzyems
  • “digestice system” of the cell, destroys foreing substances and cellular debris
  • phagocytosis

HLST124: Microbiology (18 decks)

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