Chapter 4: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards
prokaryote
pre nucleus
Eukaryote
true nucleus
types of spiral bacteria
- vibrio/curved rod
- sprillum
- spirochete
vibrio / curved rod
- gram negative, motile, facultatively curved rod
EXAMPLE: Vibrio cholernae (causes cholerae)
Spirillum
- contains flagellum
- helical or corkscrew shaped bacteria
- aerobic , helical bacteria with clumps of polar flagella
Spirochete
- corkscrew shaped bacterium with axial filaments
EXAMPLE: Treponema palladium (causes syhallis)
bacillus / rod
- rod shaped, endospore forming, facultatively anaerobic, gram positive bacteria
EXAMPLE: Bacillus anthrax (causes anthrax)
types of bacillus bacteria
- single bacillus
- dipolobacilli (pairs)
- Streptobacilli (chains)
Shapes of bacteria
- spiral
- bacillus / rod
- coccus
- coccobacillus
- pleomorphic
types of coccus
- diplococci (pairs)
- streptococci (chains)
- straphylococci (clusters)
Diplococci
- pairs
EXAMPLE: Neisseria gonorhea (casues gonorhea)
streptococci
- chains
EXAMPLE: streptococcus pyogenes ( causes strep throat)
Straphylococci
- clusters
EXAMPLE: Streptococcus aureus (causes MRSA and skin infections)
Coccobacillus
- bacterium that is an oval rod
Pleomorphic
- vaired shape
Flangella filament is made of
- made from falgellia
Flangella are
hook proteins
- attatch to a hook protein
flangella basal body
anchors to the wall
types of flagella
- kanotrichous
- amphytrichous
- lophotrichous
- peritrichous
monotrichous
- single flagella at one pole
Amphytrichous
- flagella at both poles of the cell
Lophotrichous
- a tuft of flangella coming from one pole
Peritrichous
- flagella distributed over the entire cell
Axial filament is also called
Endoflagella
Axial filament function
- propels bacteria in a sprial motion
axial filaments are found in
- spirochetes only
Glycocalyx functions
- increases virulence (EXAMPLE: streptococcus pneumoniae)
- phagocytosis decreases
- allows bacterial cell to attactch (EXAMPLE: streptococcus mutains attaches to tooth –> causes tooth decay)
Virulence
- the degree to which a pathogen causes disease
EXAMPLE: streptococcus pneumoriae
glycocalyx is made up of
polysacharides and polypeptides
glycocalyx
- capsule
- outside cell wall
- sticky
Fimbrae
- hair-like projections
- numerous
- shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella
Fimbrae function
to attach
Example of fimbrae
neisseria gonnorhea ( auses gonnerhea)
Pilus (i) is also called
sex pilus
example of pilus
- Escherichia coli
Pilus numbers
- 1-2 per cell
Pilus function
- motility
- DNA transfer
Cell wall is made up of
peptidoglycan (murein)
Peptide is made up of
- polypeptide
- tetropeptide
tetropeptide make up
- 4 amino acids attached to NAH
Glycogen is also
sugar (C6H12O6) backbone
Glucose is made up of
- NAM
- NAG
NAM stands for
- N
Acetyl
Murunic Acid
NAG stands for
N
Acetyl
Glucomine
What from the backbone
- alternating NAM and NAG molecules from the backbone
types of cell wall bacteria
- GRAM positive
- GRAM negative
- Atypical
GRAM positive cell wall makeup
- several layers of petidoglycan (PG) (thick)
and - teichoic Acid (or lipoteichoic acid)
Teichoic acid is made up of
- an alchol and phosphate
what is an anchol?
can be:
- Ribitol (5 carbon )
- Glycerol (3 carbon)
** structure changes depending on which alcohol
Function of GRAM positive bacteria
- identify / antigen specificity
- Po4 - attracts postive ions
GRAM negative cell wall makeup
- one or two layers of PG
- outer membrane (4 layers)
- periplasm
Periplasm
- active area of cell metabolism
- fills periplasmic space (between outer and plasma membrane)
GRAM negative bacteria contains
- phospholipid bilayer
- Porins
- Lipoprotein
- lipopolyseccharide
porins
- protein
- permit passageway of molecules (kemples)
Lipopolyseccharide is made up of
- lipid A
- sugar
Lipid A
- is an endotoxin (causes fever, GI tract symptoms, and SHOCK)
Sugar
- no TA in gram-reg-bacteria
- o polysaccride plays similar role as TA
Atypucal bacteria uses what kind of stain
- uses acid fast-stain
Atypical Bacteria
- waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to PG
- mycobacterium species
Atypical bacteria examples
- microbacterium tuberculosis ( casues TB)
- microbacterium leprae (cause leprosy)
- mycoplsmna pneumoniae
- archea
what contians mycolic acid (waxy lipid)
- microbacterim tuberculosis
- micobacterium leprae
mycoplasma pneumoniae
- atypical bacteria
- no cell wall
- sterole; in plasma membrane
Archaea
- no cell wall
or - walls with pseudomurein
2 types of damage to the cell wall
- lysozymes
- antibiotics
Lysozymes are foudn in
- the mucous, saliva, tears, and breastmilk
lysozyme function
- destroy glycan of PG
Protoplast
Lysozyme
- formed in a wall-less gram-positive cell
- only PM and PG
Spheroplast
- formed by the actions of lysozymes in a Gram-negative cel;
plasma membrane has
- phospholipid bilayer
- peripherial proteins’- intergral proteins
plasma membrane function
- selective permunabilitySimple
Diffusion
- movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
osmosis
- the movement of water accross a selectivly permiable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration
Facilitated diffusion
- solute combines with a transpoter protein in the mebrane
- move from high to low concentration
Hypotonic
- water moves into the cell (swells)
- if cell bursts (osmotic lysis)
Isotonic
- no net movement of water
Hypertonic
- water moves out of the cell (shrinks)
- plasmolysis
Cytoplasm
- substance inside the cell memebrane
- Nucleotide
- contains bacterial chromosome
Ribosomes
- attatched to the outer layer of ER or free floating
- “workbenches” for protein synthesis
- eukaryotes (larger); prokaryote (smaller)
- granules of RNA and proteins
Endospores
- resting cell
- resistant to desiccation, heat, and chemical
- formed by gram positive bacteria (bacillus, clostriduim)
what is the exeption to endospores
- coxiella burmetti (causes fever) is a gram negative bacteria
Sporulation
- endospore formation
Germination
- return to vegatative state
Clostridium Tetnus
causes tetnus
Clostridium perfringes
- causes gangreen
closteridium bolulinum
- causes botulism
Clostridium difficile
- causes colitus
which organelles are only present in prokayotes
- plasma membrane
- ribosomes
- cytoplasm
Nucleus
- Eukaryotes only
- DNA and specialized proteins enclosed by a double layer membrane
- acts as the control cente rof the cell
- provides storage of genetic information
- provides codes for the synthesis of structural and enzymatic proteins
- serves as a blueprint for cell replication
Endoplasmic reticulum
- forms new cell membrane and other cellular components
- manufactures products for secretion
Inclusions
- glycogen granules, foat droplets
- store excess nutrients
Vaults
- shaped like hollow octegonal barrels
- “cellular trucks for transportation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
- cancer patients: store chemotherapy drugs
Smooth ER
- no ribosomes
- packages proteins (from RER) , synthesizes lipid hormones
- muscles; store calcium as sarcoplasmic reticulum
Golgi Complex
- stackeled, flat membranous sacs
- modifies packages, and distributes newly synthesized proteins
- marks for final destination
Peroxisomes
- contains oxidative enzymes
- detoxification
Vessicles
- transiently formed, membrane enclosed products synthesized within/ engulfed by the cell
- transports and store products being moved in/ out of the cell
Cytosol
- semi gelatinous
- soluble
Mitochondria
- site of ATP production
- double memebrane
Centriole
- consists of 9 short triplet microtubules
- growth site of new microtubules
- guides DNA movement
Lysosomes
- contain hydrolytic enzyems
- “digestice system” of the cell, destroys foreing substances and cellular debris
- phagocytosis
