Chapter 22: Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System

Question 1

Process of meningitis infection

Answer 1

1. fever/headache
2. nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
3. stiff neck or kernigs signs (stiffness of hamstrings)
4. convulsions and coma
5. death of patient

Question 2

how do you diagnosis meningitis

Answer 2

• spinal tap (sample of CSF)
  - gram stain
  - culture:CSF (careful storage and time
  - serology (example:stains)

Question 3

treatment of meningitis

Answer 3

• 3rd gen of cephalosporins

Question 4

what are the causes of meningitis

Answer 4

• hemophilus influenza
• nesseria menigitis
• streptococcuus pneumoniae
• E. coli

Question 5

Hemophilus influenza

Answer 5

• strains a-f
• strain b causes 95% (treatment: HIB vaccine)
• blood loving “chocolate agar”
• missing ETC components (co-enzyme NAD; cytochrome components)
• contains capsule
• aerobic

Question 6

Nesseria meningitis is called

Answer 6

melengio cocccal menigitis

Question 7

Nesseria meningitis

Answer 7

• strains A, B, C, W15, 4
• diplicocci
• aerobic
• capsule

Question 8

Nesseria meningitis strain C

Answer 8

• fast progression causes death in 24 hours
• children under 2 years, collage students
• 10% are healthy nasopharengela carriers

Question 9

Nesseria meningitis symptoms

Answer 9

-throbbing headaches
- sore throat
- necrosis/ amputation (purple rash = petechiae)
- deafness (auditory nerve)
- paralysis

Question 10

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer 10

• affects children/elderly
• entry: pneumonia, otitis medius, surgery, head/neck trauma (subarchanoid space)
• 90 strains (only 20 have vaccines)
• EXCEPTION: dipliococci
• capsule
• aerotolerant

Question 11

aerotolerant

Answer 11

• tolerate O2; choose not to use it
• obligate fermentators

Question 12

Listeria monocytogenes

Answer 12

• psychotropic organism (spread through food, soft cheese, cold cut, salad)
• grows in monocytes (decreases immune system)
• fac. anaerobic

Question 13

E. coli

Answer 13

• demographics:newborn (spread from mother when passing through the birth canal)
• lab pet
• agencies “coliform bacteria”
• facultatively anaerobic
• enteric
• flagella (peri)
• pilus
• produce bacterialocin

Question 14

Tetnus

Answer 14

• caused by clostridium tetni
• produce exotoxin: tetnosporin (classic A+B)

Question 15

tetnosporin

Answer 15

classic A+B exotoxin
- attacks neuromuscular junction
- blocks relaxation
- blocks GABA (causes spasms: lock jaw)

Question 16

Clostridium tetni

Answer 16

• lolipop rods (endospores)
• anaerobic
• abundant in the soil
• causes tetnus

Question 17

Botulism symptoms

Answer 17

• dry mouth
• abdominal cramps
• nausea
• diarrhea / constipation (in young)
• vision; pupils

Question 18

Botulism

Answer 18

• exotoxin (classic A+B)
• spread through canned food (EXCEPTION: tomatoes)
• stains: A,B,E,F

Question 19

Botulism exotoxin

Answer 19

• bocks Acytocholine at the neuromuscular junction
• inhibits muscle tone
• flaccid paralysis

Question 20

Leprosy is also called

Answer 20

hansens disease

Question 21

Leprosy is caused by

Answer 21

Mycobacterim leprae

Question 22

Mycobacterium Leprae

Answer 22

• contains mycolic acid
• identified by using acid fast stain
• aerobic;rod

Question 23

Acid fast stain process

Answer 23

• used to identify mycobacterium species
  Primary stain: Carbofusion
• positive: red
• negative: red
  Decolorizing agent: acid alcohol
• positive:red
• negative:colorless
  Counterstain: methyene blue
• postive: red
• negative: blue

Question 24

Leprosy transmission

Answer 24

prolonged contact with infected person

Question 25

Leprosy treatment

Answer 25

• dapsone
• ramfin
• clofazimine
• used in combination

Question 26

what are the two types of leprosy

Answer 26

• paucibacillary / neural
• multibacillary / progressive

Question 27

Tuberculoid (paucibacillary / neural) form

Answer 27

• loss of sensation in the skin and areas
• Treatment:self mediated immunity

Question 28

Lepromatous (Multibacilary / progressive) form

Answer 28

• disfiguring nodules over the body
• occurs when cell mediated immunity has failed

Question 29

symptoms of progressie leprosy

Answer 29

• nose / exudate
• face (lion face apperane)
• claw shapped / deformed fingures
• loss of fingers

Question 30

Polio is casued by

Answer 30

a virus

Question 31

how does poliomyelitis enter the body

Answer 31

fecal / oral route

Question 32

symptoms of polio

Answer 32

throat / intestine –> enters blood –>

1. effective cell mediated immunity: trasient viremia
2. Ineffective cell mediated immunity (<1%)
   - persistant
   - enters neurons
   - grows
   - paralysis

Question 33

Poliomyelitis treatment

Answer 33

Vaccine
- Saik and Sabin vaccine
- (1954) Inactivated polio vaccine –> need boosters
- (1963) Oral polio vaccine